---
title: Media war over Croatia and Bosnia, 1987-1995, and the denial of Srebrenica
url: https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/
description: Belgrade state media under Slobodan Milošević told Serbs that Croats and Bosniaks were preparing to exterminate them and aired atrocity stories later…
section: Case studies
---

![Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/detail/hero-contemporary-evidence-wall.jpg)

[Case studies](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/)

# Media war over Croatia and Bosnia, 1987-1995, and the denial of Srebrenica

At a glance

Belgrade state media under Slobodan Milošević told Serbs that Croats and Bosniaks were preparing to exterminate them and aired atrocity stories later retracted or disproved…

- **When:** July 1995
- **Actor:** Serbian state media under Slobodan Milošević…
- **Target:** Serb audiences in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, told that Croats and Bosniaks were…
- **Source:** Identified Openly sourced: the speaker is who they say they are
- **Confidence:** **documented** Primary documents, court records, official disclosures
- **Techniques:** [Accusation in a mirror](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/accusation-in-a-mirror/) [Name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/) [Fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/) [Scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/) [Identity fusion](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/identity-fusion/) [Card stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/) [Euphemism / doublespeak](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/euphemism/)

Full details

- **Actor:** Serbian state media under Slobodan Milošević (TV Belgrade / RTS, Politika) and Bosnian Serb outlets (SRT Pale, Radio Prijedor, Kozarski vjesnik); on a smaller documented scale, Croatian state media under Franjo Tuđman (HRT, Vjesnik) and the Bosnian government's information work; after 1995, Republika Srpska government commissions and officials
- **Target:** Serb audiences in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, told that Croats and Bosniaks were planning their destruction; Croat and Bosniak audiences addressed by their own state media; Western publics and governments, addressed by all sides

On this page

- [What happened](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#what-happened)
- [How it works](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#how-it-works)
- [Then and now](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#then-and-now)
- [Positions on the record](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#positions-on-the-record)
- [Same-method test](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#same-method-test)
- [How to spot it](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#how-to-spot-it)
- [Images](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#images)
- [Sources](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bosnia-war-media/#sources)

On this page

> **Content note.** This page quotes wartime ethnic labels ("Ustaše", "Chetnik hordes", "mujahedin", "warriors of Jihad") and false atrocity stories about children, and shows an aerial photograph of mass graves. The labels and stories are quoted as evidence of the method. They are not this archive's description of any people.

**In one line:** Belgrade state media under Slobodan Milošević told Serbs that Croats and Bosniaks were preparing to exterminate them and aired atrocity stories later retracted or disproved; Bosnian Serb outlets relayed the same frames in towns where persecution, and at Srebrenica in July 1995 genocide, followed; Croatian and Bosnian government media ran smaller documented operations; after the war, Republika Srpska reports denied Srebrenica, then acknowledged it, then withdrew the acknowledgement.

![Diagram: grievance themes in 1986-89, state media captured, ethnic labels and false atrocity stories, local Bosnian Serb relays, and the post-1995 Republika Srpska reports; branches for Croatian media, the wartime death-toll figure, and the court findings](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/bosnia-war-media-diagram.svg)

## What happened

- **24-25 September 1986.** *Večernje novosti* publishes excerpts of a draft memorandum by a committee of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU), under the heading "Offer of hopelessness", and attacks the Academy. The draft describes Serbs as disadvantaged inside Yugoslavia and treats the position of Serbs in Kosovo as a national defeat. Yugoslav and Serbian authorities condemn it; the controversy puts its themes at the centre of public debate.
- **1987-1991.** Milošević, who takes control of the League of Communists of Serbia in 1987, brings Radio Television Belgrade and the daily *Politika* into line. By 1991 the process is complete. Dušan Mitević, director of TV Belgrade 1989-91, later told the BBC series *The Death of Yugoslavia*: "The things that happened at state TV: warmongering, things we can admit to now: false information, biased reporting. That went directly from Milošević to the head of TV."
- **July 1988 to March 1991.** *Politika* runs a readers' column, "Odjeci i reagovanja" (Echoes and Reactions), which publishes thousands of letters during the "anti-bureaucratic revolution" rallies that bring down the leaderships of Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro.
- **28 June 1989.** At Gazimestan, on the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, Milošević addresses a crowd usually estimated at about a million, under a backdrop carrying the slogan *Samo sloga Srbina spasava* ("Only unity saves the Serbs"). He says: "Six centuries later, today, we are once again in battles. They are not armed ones, although even such battles cannot yet be ruled out."
- **1990-1991, Croatia.** After the HDZ election victory in May 1990, Tuđman appointees take over Croatian Radio-Television (HRT). In September 1991 about 300 HRT employees are dismissed for "security reasons"; Kemal Kurspahić documents that the grounds were Serb ethnicity, a Serb spouse, a father in the Yugoslav army, or not supporting the HDZ. Croatian media call rebel Serbs "bearded Chetnik hordes" and "terrorists and conspirators" (Udovički and Ridgeway).
- **1991-1992, Serbia.** State television calls Croats "Ustaše" (after the Second World War fascist movement whose state killed Serbs, Jews and Roma), and later calls Bosniaks "mujahedin" and "fundamentalist warriors of Jihad". The ICTY prosecution's media expert, Renaud de la Brosse, records these labels and their repetition. During the shelling of Dubrovnik, RTS tells viewers the smoke comes from tyres locals set alight; for months it shows old footage of Sarajevo so that current shelling does not appear.
- **20-23 November 1991, Vukovar.** After the town falls, a freelance photographer tells Reuters and RTS that he saw the bodies of 41 Serb children killed by Croatian soldiers in a school in Borovo Naselje. Reuters retracts the next day when he says he neither saw nor counted the bodies; the Yugoslav army rebuts it; RTS apologises, saying the witness was "hallucinating". *Politika* still runs the story on its front page on 22 November and prints a small retraction inside on 23 November (de la Brosse; Kurspahić). On 20-21 November, Serb forces take prisoners from Vukovar hospital to Ovčara farm and kill them; the ICTY later convicted Mile Mrkšić and Veselin Šljivančanin over the Ovčara killings.
- **1992, Sarajevo.** Velibor Ostojić, information minister in the Bosnian Serb government, tells a Belgrade TV correspondent that "Muslim fanatics" are feeding Serb children to the lions in the Sarajevo zoo. The zoo's lions starved during the siege after their keepers were killed or wounded.
- **May 1992 onward, Bosnian Serb outlets.** SRT (Srpska radio-televizija) broadcasts from Pale. In Prijedor, after the Serb takeover of April 1992, Radio Prijedor calls non-Serbs "Ustaše", "mujahedin" and "Green Berets" and presents prominent non-Serbs as criminals and extremists. The municipal paper *Kozarski vjesnik* accuses a Bosniak doctor, Mirsad Mujadžić, of drugging Serb women so they could not bear sons, and a Croat doctor, Željko Sikora, called the "Monster Doctor", of forced abortions and castrating Serb baby boys. The ICTY found that the paper's director attended meetings of Serb local leaders to learn the next steps. Prijedor's Omarska, Keraterm and Trnopolje camps held thousands of non-Serbs (Stakić, 2003; Brđanin, 2004).
- **June 1992.** Croatia (from 1991) and the Bosnian government (from June 1992) retain the Washington firm Ruder Finn. In a 1993 interview with the French journalist Jacques Merlino, its president James Harff describes speed as the key, and says the firm's role was to circulate information favourable to its clients rather than verify it.
- **August 1992, Trnopolje.** ITN reporters film emaciated detainees, including Fikret Alić, behind barbed wire. The footage circulates worldwide; Omarska and Keraterm close that month, and Trnopolje is handed to the Red Cross and shut in November. In February 1997 the London magazine *LM* publishes Thomas Deichmann's "The picture that fooled the world", arguing that the image misrepresented a refugee "collection centre". ITN sues. In March 2000 a jury finds the article libelled ITN and its reporters Penny Marshall and Ian Williams; damages total £375,000 and *LM* closes.
- **1993, Croat-Bosniak war.** The UN Special Rapporteur, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, reports that a *Vjesnik* story that 35 Croats had been hanged in front of the Catholic church in Zenica (9 August 1993) had no basis when his staff checked on site.
- **The death toll.** Through 1994 a figure of 200,000 or more "dead, injured, and missing" circulates in media reports, and Bosnian government sources use about 200,000 dead. The Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo later names 97,207 people killed on all sides (Bosnian Book of the Dead, 2007, confirmed 2013); ICTY demographers estimate about 102,000.
- **11-19 July 1995, Srebrenica.** After the UN "safe area" falls, Bosnian Serb forces (VRS) under Ratko Mladić separate men and boys and kill more than 8,000. From August to November 1995 VRS units dig up primary graves and move the bodies to secondary sites (ICTY, Blagojević and Jokić). In August 1995 the US shows the UN Security Council aerial photographs of freshly disturbed ground near the enclave.
- **1997.** SRT Pale airs a press conference by ICTY Prosecutor Louise Arbour, dubbed so that she seems to say the tribunal is biased against Serbs. On 1 October the High Representative authorises SFOR to seize four SRT transmitters.
- **Trials.** The ICTY convicts Radislav Krstić of genocide at Srebrenica (2001; on appeal in 2004, aiding and abetting genocide; the Appeals Chamber confirms genocide was committed). The ICJ (2007) finds genocide at Srebrenica by VRS members and holds that Serbia violated its duty to prevent it and to punish. Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić are later convicted of genocide at Srebrenica. The Milošević indictments list his use of state media to spread "exaggerated and false messages of ethnically based attacks" among his alleged contributions; he dies in 2006 before judgment. Six Herceg-Bosna leaders are convicted for the HVO campaign against Bosniaks (Prlić et al., 2013; upheld 2017).

![Part of the Radio Television of Serbia building in Belgrade, 2005](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/bosnia-war-media-rts-building-2005.jpg)

*The RTS building in Aberdareva Street, Belgrade, photographed in 2005, still damaged from the NATO strike of April 1999. Photo by Serbian Wikipedia user Goldfinger, public domain. The strike, on 23 April 1999, killed 16 RTS employees. Shown as the headquarters of the state broadcaster whose 1990s output this page describes; the strike falls outside this page's period.*

## How it works

- [Accusation in a mirror](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/accusation-in-a-mirror/): de la Brosse lists "projecting one's own faults onto the enemy" among the principles he found in Serbian state media. The ICTY's sentencing judgment for Milan Babić, the Krajina Serb leader, records his statement that Serbian propaganda "repeatedly referred to an imminent threat of genocide by the Croatian regime against the Serbs in Croatia". The Vukovar "41 children" story aired as Serb forces were killing prisoners at Ovčara. Bosnian Serb leaders and Serbian media blamed the February 1994 Markale market shelling on the Bosnian government; the ICTY found the shell was fired from Bosnian Serb army territory (Galić, 2003).
- [Name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/): "Ustaše hordes", "Vatican fascists", "mujahedin fighters", "fundamentalist warriors of Jihad" on Serbian television; "Ustaše", "mujahedin" and "Green Berets" on Radio Prijedor; "bearded Chetnik hordes" in Croatian media. Each label tied a present-day population to a Second World War movement or a foreign fighter, before any named act.
- [Scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/): *Kozarski vjesnik* placed a falling Serb birth rate on named non-Serb doctors in 1992, while non-Serbs in Prijedor were being detained and expelled.
- [Fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/): the recurring message, in the Babić judgment's words, was an "imminent threat of genocide", with a Serb state as the only protection offered. The Prijedor stories added a threat to Serb mothers and infants.
- [Identity fusion](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/identity-fusion/): "Only unity saves the Serbs" framed disagreement as a danger to the nation. Belgrade's state-aligned press called the editors of the dissenting daily *Borba* "traitors" (Kurspahić).
- [Card stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/): old footage of Sarajevo in place of the siege; burning tyres in place of shelling in Dubrovnik. Croatian media showed the ruins of Dubrovnik and Vukovar and left out burning Serb villages (Udovički and Ridgeway). The Bosnian wartime figure of about 200,000 dead, repeated for years, merged categories that later counts separated. *LM*'s 1997 article built its case on where the barbed-wire fence stood and called Trnopolje a refugee "collection centre"; the ICTY's Stakić and Brđanin judgments describe detention, beatings, rape and killings there, and a jury found the article libelled ITN.
- [Euphemism / doublespeak](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/euphemism/): "ethnic cleansing" (*etničko čišćenje*) came into English from the language of the perpetrators; public-health researchers have argued it softened what it named (Blum et al., 2008). The 2002 Republika Srpska report put the number of Muslim soldiers killed by Bosnian Serbs "out of personal revenge or lack of knowledge of international law" at "probably about 100".

## Then and now

![Remember Belgium, Enlist To-Day (1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/remember-belgium-1915.jpg)

*[Remember Belgium — Enlist To-Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/remember-belgium-1915/), Parliamentary Recruiting Committee (UK), 1915. Public domain.*

Both the 1915 British poster and the 1991 Vukovar broadcast put an attack on women or children at the centre, so that one response (enlist, or defend "Serb hearths", in the phrase Kurspahić records) reads as the only one. The difference is in the record: the German occupation of Belgium in 1914 involved documented mass killings of civilians, while the Vukovar story was false and retracted within days.

The broadcast pattern of the early 1990s, an ethnic label, a story of the target planning extermination, then local radio naming neighbours, is the same pattern studied in Rwanda in 1994 ([Kangura, Radio Rwanda and RTLM: Hutu Power propaganda before and during the genocide against the Tutsi, 1990-1994](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/rwanda-rtlm-kangura/)). The later sequence of official reports that deny, concede and then withdraw the concession can be compared with state positions on 1915 ([The Armenian genocide, 1915-1923: the wartime 'internal enemy' frame, the rival record, and a century of state denial](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/armenian-genocide-and-denial/)). Scale, context and legal findings differ in each case and are stated on each page.

**Content note:** Aerial reconnaissance photograph of a suspected mass-grave site. This object is shown as it was published. [Why](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/#as-it-was) ![Aerial reconnaissance photograph of Kasaba/Konjević Polje area, July 1995, labelled "Possible Mass Graves"](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/bosnia-war-media-nova-kasaba-aerial-1995.jpg)

*US government aerial reconnaissance briefing board, "Possible Mass Graves, Kasaba/Konjević Polje Area, Bosnia, Jul 95", marked unclassified, with arrows at recently disturbed earth. U.S. Army Center of Military History, via Wikimedia Commons. Public domain (U.S. government work). Shown because the physical evidence of the graves is what the later denial reports had to contend with.*

## Positions on the record

- **Milošević and Belgrade media, then:** the broadcasts presented Serbs as defending themselves against a revived Ustaše state and Islamic fundamentalism. Milošević later said the "armed battles" line at Gazimestan had been misrepresented.
- **RTS, 2011:** the managing board apologised for programming that was "almost constantly and heavily abused" in the 1990s and "hurt the feelings, moral integrity and dignity" of citizens, minorities and neighbouring nations. Some Serbian journalists' groups said the apology did not go far enough.
- **Republika Srpska:** the 2002 report said about 1,800 Bosniak soldiers died in fighting, about 100 died of exhaustion, and about 100 were killed "out of personal revenge". After a Human Rights Chamber order, a 2004 commission acknowledged that at least 7,000 men and boys were killed (provisional figure 7,800) and located 32 mass-grave sites; President Dragan Čavić called it a dark chapter, and the RS government apologised on 10 November 2004. On 14 August 2018 the RS National Assembly annulled the 2004 report. A commission chaired by Gideon Greif reported in July 2021 that the killings were not genocide. RS officials, including Milorad Dodik, reject the genocide finding.
- **Serbia:** in 2010 Serbia's parliament condemned "the crime committed against the Bosniak population of Srebrenica" without using the word genocide. Serbia voted against UN General Assembly resolution 78/282 (23 May 2024: 84 for, 19 against, 68 abstentions), which designates 11 July as a day of commemoration and condemns denial. President Aleksandar Vučić draped the Serbian flag over his shoulders at UN headquarters during the vote; before the vote, Serbian officials and media presented the resolution as labelling Serbs a "genocidal people". The text names neither Serbia nor Serbs and states that criminal accountability for genocide "is individualized and cannot be attributed to any ethnic, religious or other group or community as a whole".
- **Bosnia-Herzegovina:** on 23 July 2021 High Representative Valentin Inzko imposed criminal-code amendments making public denial of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes, where likely to incite violence or hatred, punishable by six months to five years in prison. RS leaders moved to reject the amendment.
- **Critics of Western coverage:** some writers, including Peter Brock, David Binder and Philip Hammond, argued that Western media portrayed Serbs one-sidedly; others, including Roger Cohen and Marko Attila Hoare, rejected that reading. This page scores the documented operations above; *LM*'s specific "fake image" claim about Trnopolje was tested in court and failed.
- **What courts and historians found:** genocide at Srebrenica by Bosnian Serb forces (ICTY: Krstić, Blagojević, Popović, Karadžić, Mladić; ICJ 2007). ICTY judgments in Brđanin and Stakić describe media campaigns as part of the persecution in the Bosnian Krajina. No journalist was charged by the ICTY over wartime broadcasts or articles; Vojislav Šešelj was convicted on appeal in 2018 of instigating persecution through a 1992 speech.
- **What is documented vs. not shown:** Croatian and Bosnian government outlets ran propaganda, including false stories and inflated figures, and the record shows that plainly. It does not show them on the scale of the Belgrade and Pale operations, or linked by any court to a genocide. This page makes no finding on the legal status of any other massacre.

![Gravestones at the Srebrenica-Potočari memorial, 2008](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/bosnia-war-media-potocari-memorial-2008.jpg)

*Gravestones at the Srebrenica-Potočari Memorial Center, August 2008. Photo by Wikimedia Commons user Maurits90, public domain. Shown because the memorial and its named graves are the record that the 2002 and 2021 Republika Srpska reports disputed.*

## Same-method test

In October 1990 a 15-year-old identified only as "Nayirah" told a U.S. Congressional caucus that Iraqi soldiers in Kuwait had taken babies from hospital incubators and left them to die. She was the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the U.S.; her appearance was arranged by Hill and Knowlton for a Kuwaiti-government-funded campaign, and later investigations found no evidence for the story (MacArthur, 1992). A false story of infant killings, told through a trusted channel at the moment of mobilisation, gets the same tags here whether it airs in Belgrade or Washington.

The denial sequence has a democratic parallel too. The UK's 1972 Widgery report cleared the soldiers who shot civilians on Bloody Sunday in Derry; the Saville Inquiry (2010) found the killings unjustified and the prime minister apologised. Widgery was not genocide denial and the scale is different, but an official report that minimises state killings and is later reversed by a fuller inquiry would be scored the same way here.

## How to spot it

- Check whether an atrocity story names a witness who saw it. The Vukovar story rested on one man who later said he had not.
- When a label from a past war ("Ustaše", "Chetnik", "Nazi", "jihadist") is applied to a whole present-day group, ask what act, by whom, is being alleged.
- A story that the other side is planning extermination deserves the same checking as any other claim, especially when the side telling it is armed and advancing.
- Compare early casualty figures with later name-by-name counts, whatever side issued them.
- When an official report is replaced, compare what each version says about graves, names and forensic evidence, not only its conclusion.

## Images

| Image | Source | Licence |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mechanism diagram (above) | Drawn for FRAME from the sources below (`make_diagrams_atrocity.py`) | CC BY 4.0, FRAME |
| *Remember Belgium* (1915) | FRAME gallery, from Wikimedia Commons (Library of Congress) | Public domain |
| Aerial briefing board, Kasaba/Konjević Polje, July 1995 | [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mass_Graves.jpg), U.S. Army Center of Military History | Public domain (U.S. government work) |
| RTS building, Belgrade, 2005 | [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bombardovani_deo_RTS_2005.jpg), Serbian Wikipedia user Goldfinger | Public domain (released by author) |
| Potočari memorial, 2008 | [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Srebrenica-Poto%C4%8Dari_Memorial_Center_2008.jpg), user Maurits90 | Public domain (released by author) |

### Image gaps

- **Frames from TV Belgrade, RTS or SRT Pale broadcasts, and *Politika* or *Kozarski vjesnik* pages.** Not included: under copyright, with no openly licensed copies found. ICTY exhibit copies exist but are not openly licensed. Could be filled only by an archive release.
- **A JNA leaflet from the 1991 siege of Dubrovnik and a Croatian Historical Museum display of wartime posters.** Both are on Wikimedia Commons under CC BY-SA 3.0 as photographs, but the underlying 1991 artworks' own copyright status is unclear, and the files could not be downloaded from the build environment. Not included; possibly fillable after a rights check.
- **The ITN Trnopolje footage.** Copyrighted by ITN. Not fillable.
- **The US aerial photographs as shown to the Security Council in August 1995.** A UN Photo of the briefing exists but UN Photo terms are not an open licence. The public-domain board above stands in.

## Sources

- [Amnesty International, *"Collateral Damage" or Unlawful Killings? Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force*, EUR 70/018/2000 (June 2000), on the RTS strike](https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur70/018/2000/en/)
- [Renaud de la Brosse, "Political Propaganda and the Plan to Create a 'State for All Serbs': Consequences of Using the Media for Ultra-Nationalist Ends", expert report for the ICTY Office of the Prosecutor, Milošević case IT-02-54, 2003](https://ucr.irmct.org/LegalRef/CMSDocStore/Public/English/Reports/NotIndexable/IT-02-54/MSC429R0000005762.doc) ([BCS version](https://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobodan_milosevic/prosexp/bcs/rep-srb-main.htm))
- [ICTY, Prosecutor v. Brđanin, Trial Judgement, 1 September 2004](https://www.icty.org/x/cases/brdanin/tjug/en/brd-tj040901e.pdf)
- [ICTY, Prosecutor v. Stakić, Trial Judgement, 31 July 2003](https://www.icty.org/x/cases/stakic/tjug/en/stak-tj030731e.pdf)
- [ICTY, Krstić: first genocide conviction, 2 August 2001](https://www.icty.org/en/press/radislav-krstic-becomes-first-person-be-convicted-genocide-icty-and-sentenced-46-years) and [Appeals Chamber judgement, 19 April 2004](https://www.icty.org/en/press/appeals-chamber-judgement-case-prosecutor-v-radislav-krstic)
- [ICJ, Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, Judgment of 26 February 2007](https://www.icj-cij.org/case/91)
- [ICTY, Prosecutor v. Babić, case page and sentencing judgement (2004)](https://www.icty.org/case/babic)
- [ICTY, Galić trial judgement press release (2003)](https://www.icty.org/en/press/judgement-case-prosecutor-v-stanislav-galic-stanislav-galic-sentenced-20-years-imprisonment)
- [ICTY, Six senior Herceg-Bosna officials convicted (Prlić et al., 2013)](https://www.icty.org/en/press/six-senior-herceg-bosna-officials-convicted)
- [IRMCT, Prosecutor v. Šešelj (MICT-16-99)](https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-16-99)
- [Tadeusz Mazowiecki, UN Special Rapporteur, E/CN.4/1994/47, 17 November 1993](https://heritage.sensecentar.org/assets/Uploads/sg-1-06-tadeusz-report-november-en.pdf)
- [UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/78/282, 23 May 2024](https://www.globalr2p.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/UNGA-78-282.pdf)
- [OHR Bulletin 61, 1 October 1997](https://www.ohr.int/ohr_archive/ohr-bulletin-61-01-october-1997/); [Baltimore Sun, 2 October 1997: transmitters seized after doctored Arbour broadcast](https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-10-02-1997275087-story.html)
- [Slobodan Milošević, Gazimestan speech, 28 June 1989 (English text)](http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/spch-kosovo1989.htm)
- [Amnesty International, "Srebrenica: Still Waiting for the Truth" (2005), on the 2002 and 2004 RS reports](https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/eur630032005en.pdf); [RFE/RL, Bosnian Serbs apologize for Srebrenica (2004)](https://www.rferl.org/a/1055810.html)
- [RFE/RL, Bosnian Serb lawmakers reject 2004 Srebrenica report (14 August 2018)](https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnian-serb-lawmakers-reject-2004-srebrenica-report-call-for-new-probe/29435079.html); [Just Security on the 2021 Greif commission report](https://www.justsecurity.org/77628/deceptive-report-escalates-srebrenica-genocide-denial-campaign/)
- [JURIST, 23 July 2021: Inzko amendments](https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/07/bosnia-criminal-code-amendments-outlaw-denial-of-genocide-glorification-of-war-criminals/); [RFE/RL on the RS response](https://www.rferl.org/a/bosnia-republika-srpska-genocide-denial/31506774.html)
- [European Western Balkans, 24 May 2024: Serbian government and the UN resolution](https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2024/05/24/serbian-government-uses-un-resolution-on-srebrenica-for-a-pre-election-nationalist-frenzy/); [Vreme, 23 May 2024](https://vreme.com/en/vesti/generalna-skupstina-un-usvojena-rezolucija-o-srebrenici-vucic-ogrnut-zastavom-srbije/)
- [Apologising for Srebrenica: the declaration of the Serbian parliament (East European Politics, 2012)](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21599165.2012.669731)
- [AP via Deseret News, 24 May 2011: Serbia TV apologizes over propaganda](https://www.deseret.com/2011/5/24/20193665/serbia-tv-apologizes-to-viewers-over-propaganda/)
- [UN Photo: Security Council shown aerial photographs near Srebrenica, August 1995](https://media.un.org/photo/en/asset/oun7/oun7554596); [Lane and Shanker, New York Review of Books, 9 May 1996](https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/05/09/bosnia-what-the-cia-didnt-tell-us/)
- [IWPR, Judith Armatta, "Milosevic's Propaganda War", 27 February 2003, on Ostojić's 1992 zoo claim](https://iwpr.net/global-voices/comment-milosevics-propaganda-war)
- [The Forward, 2013: lions return to Sarajevo zoo, on the wartime deaths of the zoo's lions](https://forward.com/fast-forward/175046/lions-return-to-sarajevo-zoo-in-symbol-of-recovery/)
- [Washington Post, 22 November 1991: "Vukovar carnage fuels atrocity claims"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/22/vukovar-carnage-fuels-atrocity-claims/1235e806-dbaf-4806-ae70-bedf52b319d1/)
- [World Socialist Web Site, March 2000: report of the ITN v LM verdict](https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/03/livm-m25.html); [Quillette, 2019: the ITN-LM libel trial revisited](https://quillette.com/2019/11/01/denial-and-defamation-the-itn-lm-libel-trial-revisited-i/)
- [BIRN Justice Report, 19 June 2007: Bosnia's Book of the Dead](https://balkaninsight.com/2007/06/19/justice-report-bosnia-s-book-of-the-dead/); [HRDAG assessment of the Bosnian Book of the Dead](https://hrdag.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/rdn5.pdf); [Tabeau and Bijak, European Journal of Population, 2005](https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/eurpop/v21y2005i2d10.1007_s10680-005-6852-5.html)
- [Prewar Public Discourse: Letters to Politika, Belgrade, 1988-1991 (Europe-Asia Studies, 2022)](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668136.2022.2042201)
- [Producing and Cracking Kosovo Myths: the SANU and a new ethnonationalism, 1984-1990 (Südosteuropa, 2021)](https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/soeu-2021-0044/html?lang=en)
- [Blum, Stanton, Sagi and Richter, "'Ethnic cleansing' bleaches the atrocities of genocide", European Journal of Public Health, 2008](https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/18/2/204/449611)
- Kemal Kurspahić, *Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace* (United States Institute of Peace Press, 2003), pp. 66-78.
- Mark Thompson, *Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina* (1999).
- Jasminka Udovički and James Ridgeway (eds.), *Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia* (Duke University Press, 2000), p. 113.
- Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup, *The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina* (M.E. Sharpe, 1999), on wartime casualty figures.
- Jacques Merlino, *Les vérités yougoslaves ne sont pas toutes bonnes à dire* (Albin Michel, 1993), interview with James Harff.
- John R. MacArthur, *Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War* (1992), on the "Nayirah" testimony.
- *The Death of Yugoslavia*, BBC documentary series (1995), interview with Dušan Mitević.