--- title: Cold War propaganda posters, radio and leaflets url: https://propagandaarchive.org/cold-war-propaganda-posters/ description: Cold War propaganda posters, radio and leaflets from the United States, the Soviet Union and their allies, 1947 to 1991, with sources and techniques named. section: FRAME --- ![Illustration: a dossier collage of an intelligence briefing room with case files and behavioral-analysis notes on a chalkboard.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/hero-learn.jpg) Collection # Cold War propaganda posters, radio and leaflets Cold War propaganda posters, radio and leaflets from the United States, the Soviet Union and their allies, 1947 to 1991, with sources and techniques named. 1. [Home](https://propagandaarchive.org/) 2. [Collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/) 3. Cold War propaganda posters, radio and leaflets ## Short answer Cold War propaganda was the persuasion and disinformation that the United States and the Soviet Union, with their allies and clients, aimed at foreign publics, at each other's populations and at their own from about 1947 to 1991. Both sides used radio, print, posters, leaflets, films, cultural programmes and covert operations. They differed in scale, in who controlled domestic information, and in what was concealed and how it later came to light. This archive applies one definition to all of them ([What is propaganda? Definition, history and examples](https://propagandaarchive.org/learn/what-is-propaganda/)). For posters from every period, see [propaganda posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-posters/). ## The United States side **Open institutions.** The Voice of America began broadcasting in February 1942, and the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948 barred the government from distributing its foreign-audience material at home [1][2]. President Eisenhower's Reorganization Plan No. 8 created the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) on 1 August 1953, combining the government's overseas information programmes, including the Voice of America; it was abolished on 1 October 1999 [1]. Military psychological operations doctrine is described in [U.S. Army and Joint Staff, Psychological Operations doctrine (1987-2013)](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/us-psyop-doctrine/). **Concealed funding.** Radio Free Europe (broadcasting from 1950) and Radio Liberty (from 1953) were presented as the work of private citizens' committees, and the Crusade for Freedom asked Americans to give "Truth Dollars" to support them. Most of the money came from the CIA. Senator Clifford Case put this on the Senate record on 25 January 1971, and open congressional funding replaced it in 1973 [3]. The full story is in [The Crusade for Freedom: Truth Dollars for a CIA-funded radio, 1950-1971](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/crusade-for-freedom-radio-free-europe/). This is gray propaganda in the working definition's colours: the message is public, the sponsor is blurred. The CIA also ran Radio Swan for Cuba under a cover company ([The Cuba-United States radio war: Radio Swan's cover story and Havana's 'gusanos'](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cuba-us-radio-war/)), and the FBI placed material about U.S. political groups in the press and mailed items that did not name it as the source between 1956 and 1971 ([COINTELPRO: the FBI's covert media and information operations against U.S. groups, 1956-1971](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cointelpro-media-operations/)). A domestic Cold War case is Senator McCarthy's 1950 loyalty charges, whose numbers shifted between speeches ([McCarthy's numbers: 205, 57, 81 and the move from 'card-carrying Communists' to 'security risks' (1950-54)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/mccarthy-wheeling-numbers-1950/)). **Leaflets and defection appeals.** In Vietnam the Chieu Hoi ("Open Arms") programme, begun in 1963 at U.S. initiative, printed posters and safe-conduct leaflets urging Viet Cong and North Vietnamese fighters to rally to the Saigon government. RAND's 1973 history counted over 194,000 defections [4]. North Vietnam ran its own appeals to U.S. soldiers on Radio Hanoi. See [Chieu Hoi and Radio Hanoi: both sides' propaganda aimed at the other side's soldiers in Vietnam](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/vietnam-chieu-hoi-and-radio-hanoi/). **The 1952 rebuttal poster.** In 1952 North Korea and China accused the United States of using germ weapons in Korea. The State Department answered with a poster, "The Communists caught in the act of lying", issued in nine languages, that set the Soviet delegate's charge beside U.S. and UN denials ([Les communistes pris en flagrant délit de mensonge (The Communists Caught in the Act of Lying)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communists-caught-lying-1952/)). Its photographs of UN medical work do not bear on whether germ weapons were used; the appeal is to the Red Cross and UN symbols. A 1953 Soviet Presidium resolution, published from Russian archive copies in 1998, states that the accusations "were fictitious"; some historians question the copies' provenance [5][6]. The case is in [The Korean War germ-warfare charges: commissions, confessions and the 1953 recall](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/korean-war-germ-warfare-allegations/). ## The Soviet side **Standing party machinery.** The Communist Party's Agitation and Propaganda Department (Agitprop), under various names from 1920 to 1991, set the message for the press, schools and workplace agitators ([The Agitprop Department: the Communist Party's standing propaganda apparatus, 1920-1991](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/soviet-agitprop-department-institution/), [Lenin and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the agitprop model (1902-1991)](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/soviet-agitprop/)). TASS, founded in 1925 as the central wire service, supplied newsrooms, and the censor Glavlit read every page before publication ([Pravda, Izvestia and TASS: the institutional structure of the Soviet press monopoly, 1912-1991](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/pravda-tass-soviet-press-institution/)). There was no independent domestic press to contradict the line, until the controlled opening of glasnost ([Glasnost: the controlled opening that outran the Soviet state (1985-1989)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/glasnost-end-of-soviet-information-control/)). **Radio.** Radio Moscow began foreign-language broadcasting in 1929 [7]. The Soviet Union and several allies also jammed Western broadcasts from 1948 until the last jamming stopped in November 1988 ([Cold War radio jamming (1948 to 1988)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cold-war-radio-jamming/)). Jamming targets the audience's access to other sources rather than answering a message. **Active measures.** The KGB's term *aktivnye meropriyatiya* covered forgeries, planted stories and front organisations. In 1984 forged letters on Ku Klux Klan letterhead threatened athletes from African and Asian countries planning to attend the Los Angeles Olympics. A CIA assessment and the U.S. Attorney General attributed them to the KGB, Moscow denied it, and the archive of the defector Vasili Mitrokhin later described a Soviet active measure [8][9]. See ['For whites only': the forged Klan letters sent to Olympic committees in 1984](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/kgb-olympic-klan-letters-1984/). **Operation INFEKTION.** In 1983 an Indian newspaper, *Patriot*, printed a claim that AIDS was created in a U.S. military laboratory. Soviet media repeated it in 1985, and an East German biophysicist co-wrote a 1986 pamphlet that gave it a scientific gloss. Historians call the campaign INFEKTION (Boghardt) and note that the East German Stasi's code name was "Denver" (Selvage) [10][11]. The State Department's Active Measures Working Group (1981 to 1992) publicised the evidence against it; after Gorbachev protested to Shultz in 1987, the Soviet side backed away, and in 1992 Russia's foreign-intelligence chief acknowledged the KGB's role ([The Active Measures Working Group (1981 to 1992)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/active-measures-working-group/)). ## China and other actors China's Central Propaganda Department ran a parallel domestic system ([Zhongxuanbu: the Central Propaganda Department as the ruling party's standing ministry of message, 1949-2026](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/ccp-central-propaganda-department-institution/)), and its 1976 state mourning for Mao Zedong is recorded in [Grief on schedule: Mao's death, Hua Guofeng's succession and the 'two whatevers', 1976-1978](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/mao-death-succession-propaganda-1976/). Cuba's state media and the Tricontinental network addressed Latin America and the developing world ([The peoples of three continents: OSPAAAL, a Havana secretariat, and Tricontinental](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cuba-ospaaal-tricontinental/)), while Egypt and Britain fought a radio war over Suez ([Voice of the Arabs and the Voice of Britain: the Arab radio war, 1953-1967](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/suez-radio-war/)). In Somalia, the Barre government's 1976 mural merged the leader's portrait into the flag (below). ## Recurring techniques Both sides drew on the same handful of methods, each defined in the archive's taxonomy: - [Narrative laundering](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/narrative-laundering/): a message passes through a seemingly independent sponsor, such as a citizens' committee or a scientific commission. - [Testimonial](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/testimonial/): defectors, prisoners and eminent scientists vouch for a claim. - [Transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/): the prestige of a bell, an emblem or a flag is moved onto a cause. - [Card stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/): evidence is selected, or checking is refused. - [Fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/) and [Bandwagon](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/bandwagon/): death warnings and running counts of defectors appear on the same leaflet. - [Astroturfing](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/astroturf/): forged grassroots or extremist voices. - [Identity fusion](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/identity-fusion/) and [Manufactured consensus](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/manufactured-consensus/): a leader or party fused with the nation, in a media system without independent rivals. ## Featured images ![U.S. State Department poster, 1952, "The Communists Caught in the Act of Lying" (French edition), answering the germ-warfare charges](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/communists-caught-lying-1952.jpg) *United States, 1952. Public domain (U.S. government work).* ![Mikhail Suslov, Central Committee secretary for ideology, photographed for TASS, February 1948](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/soviet-agitprop-department-institution-suslov-1948.jpg) *Soviet Union, 1948. Portrait of the Communist Party's ideology secretary, from the TASS archive; public domain (PD-Russia and PD-US-no-notice).* ![Tiananmen Gate draped for the state memorial meeting for Mao Zedong, Beijing, September 1976](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/mao-death-succession-propaganda-1976-tiananmen-mourning-1976.jpg) *China, 1976. Photograph by Karl-Heinz Wellmann, CC BY-SA 4.0.* ![Mural in Somalia, 1976: Siad Barre's portrait merged into the national flag with marching soldiers and warplanes](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/siad-barre-mural-1976.jpg) *Somalia, 1976. CC0, University of Wisconsin Libraries.* ## The collection The collection section below is generated from the archive's records and grows as objects are added. Only public-domain or openly licensed images are hosted, and most Soviet-era posters are still in copyright, so the images shown here reflect licensing, not the historical record. The Soviet side is covered in the case studies linked above. ## From the collection: Cold War 402 objects, listed by issuing country: United States 128, East Germany 55, South Vietnam 35, Australia 23, Soviet Union 16, China 15, North Korea 13, Iran 12, Chile 10, Netherlands 10, Romania 10, Albania 6, Czechoslovakia 6, Hungary 5, Iraq 5, Poland 5, Republic of Indonesia 5, Democratic Republic of Vietnam 4, Kingdom of Greece 4, Egypt 3, Portugal 3, Spain 3, West Germany 3, Bulgaria 2, Cuba 2, Afghanistan 1, Argentina 1, Belgium 1, Ethiopia 1, Grenada 1, Kenya Colony 1, Korea Under Us Military Government 1, Libya 1, New Zealand 1, Nicaragua 1, Peoples Republic of The Congo 1, Peru 1, Rhodesia 1, Somalia 1, South Korea 1, State of Vietnam 1, Syria 1, Taiwan 1, Yugoslavia 1. This list is generated from the collection records, so it changes as objects are added. ### United States (128) - [Universal-International News title card: 'Eisenhower Says We Must Back Victory'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/universal-news-eisenhower-back-victory-1946/) (Jun 3, 1946 · Testimonial) - [美援 / American Aid Product for China (ECA label sheet)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/eca-american-aid-product-for-china-1948/) (1948 · Transfer) - [Universal-International News title card: 'Gen. Clay: Reds Underestimate Our Airlift to Berlin'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/universal-news-gen-clay-berlin-airlift-1948/) (Oct 21, 1948 · Name-calling) - [Survival Under Atomic Attack (official U.S. Government booklet, cover)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/survival-under-atomic-attack-booklet-1950/) (1950 · Fear appeal). Content note: Illustration of a nuclear explosion over a city. - [MacArthur's portrait: listen to the news at 9 every night on 950 kilocycles](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unc-macarthur-radio-news-leaflet-1950/) (1950 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [MacArthur to the Commander-in-Chief, North Korean forces: atrocities against prisoners](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unc-macarthur-letter-to-kpa-commander-1950/) (Aug 20, 1950 · Fear appeal) - [ARCS psychological warfare leaflets and unit patch, Korea](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/arcs-psywar-leaflet-collage-korea-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal, Bandwagon) - [Give Freedom to the Captive Nations! Fight Communism!](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/crusade-for-freedom-stamp-1951/) (1951 · Transfer) - [Message to the 45th North Korean Division: Kim Il Sung as a marionette](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/eusak-kim-puppet-leaflet-45th-division-1951/) (1951 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Wartime leaflet cartoon showing named North Korean and Soviet leaders as marionette and puppeteer, with a death warning. - [Loading a leaflet bomb at the Far East Command printing plant, Yokohama](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fec-leaflet-bomb-yokohama-photo-1951/) (1951 · Flooding the zone) - [行駛的軍車是好目標 (Moving Military Vehicles Are Good Targets), leaflet no. 8526, Chinese](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-moving-vehicles-target-leaflet-8526-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal, Bandwagon). Content note: Line drawing of a wrecked truck and a dead driver after an air attack. - [Is there any need to choose death for the Soviet Union and Communist China?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unc-die-for-soviets-and-china-leaflet-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating) - [Air raid warning: Citizens of Pyongyang, leave quickly](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unc-pyongyang-citizens-air-raid-warning-leaflet-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal) - [Where have your officers fled to?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unc-where-did-your-officers-flee-chinese-leaflet-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating) - [Comrades of the People's Army! Do you know why you are posted on the east front?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/usn-los-angeles-east-front-leaflet-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating) - [You Are a Filipino / My Dear Son (voting poster sheet for the Philippines)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/you-are-a-filipino-my-dear-son-1951/) (1951 · Glittering generalities) - [世界最大的監獄 (The World's Largest Prison), U.S. map-and-newspaper-clipping poster (catalog title: Red "Bastille")](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/worlds-largest-prison-red-bastille-usia-poster-1951/) (Jun 22, 1951 · Fear appeal, Testimonial). Content note: Crowds of prisoners behind barbed wire under armed guard on a map of China. - [If Chinese Communists Flood into Vietnam (Vietnamese poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/devastation-caused-by-communism-vietnamese-1951/) (Oct 3, 1951 · Fear appeal). Content note: Painting of a barefoot, half-clothed mother and two children before a burning village, kept whole. - [As Ye Sow, So Shall Ye Reap! Register and Vote!](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/as-ye-sow-register-and-vote-1951/) (Oct 10, 1951 · Transfer) - [By Voting! (Help Build Your Country Too)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/by-voting-help-build-your-country-1951/) (Oct 10, 1951 · Plain folks, Glittering generalities) - [Not to Be Associated With..! (Thai poster, yoke and nose-rope caricature)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/by-the-nose-thai-1952/) (1952 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Caricature cartoon of a Stalin-like figure leading a Chinese-capped man by a nose-rope over an emaciated figure labelled "Thai people", kept whole. - [Freedom-Gram: Help Truth Fight Communism](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/freedom-gram-1952/) (1952 · Narrative laundering, Transfer) - [中共土改真相 大陸農民厄運 (The Real Story of Red China's Land Reform: Misfortune of the Mainland Peasants), U.S. photo poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/real-story-red-china-land-reform-usia-poster-1952/) (1952 · Card stacking). Content note: Eight photographs of a public trial in Guangdong, including a kneeling man about to be shot and bodies lying on a riverbed. - [공산당도배들이 한국에 들어오기전에는... (Before the Communists Came to Korea...), leaflet 1321](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-leaflet-1321-confucian-scholar-1952/) (1952 · Glittering generalities, Scapegoating). Content note: Cartoon of an elderly man forced to carry a heavy load by a caricatured leader figure. - [지게나 마차로 B-29와 젯트기에 대항이 되겠는가! (Can A-Frames and Carts Stand Against B-29s and Jets?), leaflet 8274](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-leaflet-8274-cart-vs-b29-1952/) (1952 · Fear appeal) - [Sweet Talk Kills (Thai poster, Bangkok Poster #6)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bangkok-sweet-talk-kills-thai-1952/) (Jan 16, 1952 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Caricature cartoon of a moustached Stalin-like figure with hammer and sickle, kept whole. - [Allies for World Peace](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/allies-for-world-peace-1952/) (Feb 26, 1952 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - [Les communistes pris en flagrant délit de mensonge (The Communists Caught in the Act of Lying)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communists-caught-lying-1952/) (May 8, 1952 · Card stacking, Transfer) - [他們總是說「不！」 (They Always Say "No!")](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tamen-zongshi-shuo-bu-soviet-no-poster-1952/) (May 15, 1952 · Card stacking) - [Free vs. Communist (Vietnamese two-column photo sheet)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/free-vs-communist-vietnamese-1952/) (Jun 9, 1952 · Card stacking, Transfer). Content note: Photographs of dead, hungry and displaced civilians and a drawing of a whip-wielding soldier, kept whole. - [Guard Your Freedom (Ilocano poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/guard-your-freedom-ilocano-1952/) (Aug 8, 1952 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [史太林說「學而時習之，不亦樂乎！」 (Stalin Says: "To Study and Practise in Due Time, Is That Not a Pleasure?"), U.S. cartoon poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/stalin-says-study-and-practise-usia-cartoon-1952/) (Sep 5, 1952 · Name-calling). Content note: Derisive caricature of Mao Zedong as a footstool for a Stalin figure. - [Việt-Minh luôn-luôn kêu-gọi chúng ta noi gương Trung-Cộng (The Vietminh Are Against Religion)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vietminh-are-against-religion-1952/) (Oct 2, 1952 · Transfer, Fear appeal) - [농민의 고혈을 짜는 공산당! (The Communists Who Squeeze the Farmers' Blood), leaflet 1243](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-leaflet-1243-farmers-tax-1952/) (Nov 18, 1952 · Card stacking, Name-calling). Content note: Caricature of officials as a serpent-monster, with a farmer's blood dripping into a basket. - [建設馬來亞 / 破壞馬來亞 (Building Malaya / Destroying Malaya)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/building-and-destroying-malaya-1953/) (1953 · Scapegoating, Glittering generalities) - ['Mossadeq's Spy Service' (CIA-prepared propaganda text, Iran, 1953)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cia-mossadeq-spy-service-1953/) (1953 · Card stacking, Name-calling) - [你們有多少人已戴上了綠帽子? (How Many of You Have Already Put On the Green Hat?), leaflet 7255](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-green-hat-turtle-leaflet-7255-1953/) (1953 · Name-calling) - [인민군 동지들이여! 그대들은 왜 동부전선에 배치되어 있는지 아는가? (Comrades of the People's Army, Do You Know Why You Are Posted on the Eastern Front?), leaflet 8321](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-leaflet-8321-eastern-front-1953/) (1953 · Card stacking) - [你們遠離家鄉 不能骨肉團圓 都是共產党害的 (You Are Far from Home and Cannot Be Reunited with Your Kin: the Communists Did It), leaflet 8724](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-leaflet-8724-families-apart-1953/) (1953 · Scapegoating) - [蘇俄不肯全力援助中共 (Soviet Russia Is Unwilling to Give China Full Aid), leaflet 7230](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/un-command-stalin-withholds-aid-leaflet-7230-1953/) (1953 · Card stacking). Content note: Caricatures of Stalin, Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong, one figure kneeling before Stalin. - [To the courageous jet pilots: the way to the free world (Operation Moolah leaflet)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fec-jet-pilot-reward-leaflet-1953/) (Apr 1953 · Bandwagon, Glittering generalities) - [The Communist Party: Before and After (Chinese reversible face)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chinese-face-before-after-1953/) (Apr 22, 1953 · Card stacking). Content note: Exaggerated theatre-mask style drawing of a smiling face that inverts into a frowning one. - [共產黨未來之前 / 共產黨來了之後 (Before the Communist Party Came / After the Communist Party Came), U.S. turn-it-over face card](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communist-party-before-after-face-usia-1953/) (Apr 22, 1953 · Scapegoating) - [拒否権！ (Veto! Only the Soviet Union rejects Japan's UN application)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kyohiken-soviet-veto-japan-un-poster-1953/) (May 21, 1953 · Card stacking, Transfer) - [Contentment and Loathing (Chinese two-panel poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/contentment-and-revulsion-chinese-1953/) (Jul 17, 1953 · Card stacking, Fear appeal). Content note: Poster panel showing a soldier in a red-star cap beating a small child, kept whole. - [成功 / 失敗 (Success / Failure), U.S. two-panel poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/success-and-failure-two-panel-usia-poster-1953/) (Aug 3, 1953 · Card stacking) - [Don't Sell Your Vote!](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/dont-sell-your-vote-1953/) (Aug 6, 1953 · Transfer) - [Don't Betray Your Heroes: Don't Sell Your Vote! (poster distributed in the Philippines)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/dont-sell-your-vote-philippines-1953/) (Aug 6, 1953 · Transfer, Fear appeal) - [利便 / 阻險 (Convenience / Hardship), U.S. two-panel poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/convenience-and-hardship-two-panel-usia-poster-1953/) (Sep 14, 1953 · Card stacking) - [Invest a "Truth Dollar" in Radio Free Europe](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/truth-dollar-1954/) (1954 · Narrative laundering, Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/frank-statement-1954/) (Jan 4, 1954 · Bothsidesism, Card stacking) - [Attention AFP Soldiers: These Are the New Huk Tactics](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/new-huk-tactics-1954/) (May 12, 1954 · Fear appeal). Content note: Drawing of a snarling, wild-haired face over a jungle ambush scene, kept whole. - ["Soviet Imperialism": exhibit placard on Hungary, 1956, at Union Station, Washington, D.C.](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/afl-cio-soviet-imperialism-exhibit-1958/) (Mar 24, 1958 · Name-calling, Testimonial) - [Crowd at the Arkansas State Capitol protesting school integration, with signs reading "Race mixing is Communism," Little Rock, Arkansas](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/race-mixing-is-communism-1959/) (Aug 20, 1959 · Semantic hijacking, Transfer) - ["Brief History of Radio Swan": annex to a 1961 memorandum](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/radio-swan-brief-history-memo-1961/) (1961 · Narrative laundering) - [Civil rights March on Washington, D.C.](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/march-on-washington-reflecting-pool-1963/) (Aug 28, 1963 · Transfer) - [Đây! Lối giải phóng của bọn Cộng Phỉ (This! The Liberation Way of the Communist Bandits)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/day-loi-giai-phong-cong-phi-1964/) (1964 · Name-calling, Bandwagon) - [Nêu cao ý chí bất khuất (Uphold the Unyielding Will), Sacred Sword of the Patriots League leaflet with Le Loi](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sspl-le-loi-leaflet-1960s/) (1964 · Transfer, Narrative laundering) - [Tại sao Mao Chủ tịch lại cười (Why Is Chairman Mao Laughing), Sacred Sword of the Patriots League leaflet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sspl-mao-laughing-leaflet-1960s/) (1964 · Scapegoating, Narrative laundering). Content note: Cartoon showing a corpse and a woman and child amid bombing explosions. - [President Johnson's Gulf of Tonkin 'Midnight Address'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gulf-of-tonkin-address-1964/) (Aug 4, 1964 · Card stacking) - [Peace, Little Girl ("Daisy")](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/daisy-ad-1964/) (Sep 7, 1964 · Fear appeal) - [Bằng chứng cụ thể tại Vũng-Rô (Concrete Proof at Vung Ro), USIA photo-sheet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bang-chung-cu-the-tai-vung-ro-usia-1965/) (1965 · Card stacking) - [Why Vietnam? (Department of Defense film)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/dod-why-vietnam-film-1965/) (1965 · Testimonial) - [They're the reason we're in Vietnam](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nscvv-theyre-the-reason-were-in-vietnam-1965/) (1965 · Card stacking) - [Xâm nhập (Infiltrate)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/xam-nhap-infiltrate-map-poster-1965/) (1965 · Card stacking) - [Why Vietnam (USIS London pamphlet)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/usis-why-vietnam-pamphlet-1965/) (Oct 1965 · Card stacking) - [Các bạn còn chần chờ gì nữa? Chính quyền tỉnh Gia-Định đang chờ đón các bạn (What Are You Still Waiting For? Gia Dinh Province Is Waiting to Welcome You)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cac-ban-con-chan-cho-gi-nua-gia-dinh-1966/) (1966 · Bandwagon, Glittering generalities) - [Chiến thắng An-Phú (Châu Đốc) (Victory at An Phu, Chau Doc)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chien-thang-an-phu-chau-doc-1966/) (1966 · Card stacking, Name-calling). Content note: Photographs of dead bodies lying on the ground around a military post. - [Số hồi chánh viên tại Phú-Yên đã lên đến hơn 2400! (Ralliers in Phu Yen Have Risen to Over 2,400!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chieu-hoi-phu-yen-2400-1966/) (1966 · Bandwagon, Testimonial, Fear appeal) - [คอมมิวนิสต์ หรือ เสรีภาพ (Communism or Freedom), Thai-language poster, education panel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communism-or-freedom-thai-education-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [คอมมิวนิสต์ หรือ เสรีภาพ (Communism or Freedom), Thai-language poster no. III, family panel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communism-or-freedom-thai-family-separation-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal, Transfer). Content note: Painted scene of uniformed cadres separating families onto trucks, with distressed women and children. - [คอมมิวนิสต์ หรือ เสรีภาพ (Communism or Freedom), Thai-language poster no. I, food panel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communism-or-freedom-thai-food-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [คอมมิวนิสต์ หรือ เสรีภาพ (Communism or Freedom), Thai-language poster no. IV, labour panel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communism-or-freedom-thai-forced-labor-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [คอมมิวนิสต์ หรือ เสรีภาพ (Communism or Freedom), Thai-language poster no. II, religion panel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communism-or-freedom-thai-religion-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [คอมมิวนิสต์ หรือ เสรีภาพ (Communism or Freedom), Thai-language poster no. VI, travel panel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communism-or-freedom-thai-travel-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [Demoralization Leaflet 26: Gạo Bắc Việt (North Vietnamese Rice) cartoon](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/demoralization-leaflet-26-mao-rice-1966/) (1966 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Cartoon depicting enemy soldiers with animal heads, a bloody trident and a skull. - [Thủy Quân Lục Chiến Mỹ có mặt tại đây để giúp đỡ đồng bào (U.S. Marines Are Here to Help the Villagers)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/marines-here-to-help-cordon-leaflet-1966/) (1966 · Name-calling) - [Why should we help communists kill Americans?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mothers-crusade-help-communists-kill-americans-1966/) (1966 · Card stacking, Fear appeal) - [Đây, Chiêu Hồi có nghĩa gì! (This Is What Chieu Hoi Means!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/this-is-what-chieu-hoi-means-1966/) (1966 · Glittering generalities, Card stacking) - [Chiến thắng tại Quảng-Trị (20-5-67) (Victory at Quang Tri, 20 May 1967)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chien-thang-tai-quang-tri-1967/) (1967 · Card stacking) - [Chúng tôi đã rời bỏ hàng ngũ V.C... Các bạn còn chần chờ gì nữa? (We Left the VC Ranks... What Are You Still Waiting For?)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chieu-hoi-reunion-spring-1967/) (1967 · Testimonial, Bandwagon) - [Giấy thông-hành (Safe-Conduct Pass, seven-flag version)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/giay-thong-hanh-safe-conduct-seven-flags-1967/) (1967 · Transfer) - [Hồi chánh có nghĩa là trở về cuộc sống an vui thoải mái (To Rally Means Returning to a Comfortable, Happy Life)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hoi-chanh-means-comfortable-life-1967/) (1967 · Card stacking, Glittering generalities) - [Niềm vui mới của người hồi-chánh (New Joy of the Rallier)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/niem-vui-moi-hoi-chanh-vo-dat-1967/) (1967 · Card stacking) - [Việt-Cộng hãy coi chừng!! (Viet Cong Beware!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/viet-cong-beware-blackhorse-1967/) (1967 · Fear appeal) - [6 million: "Dear God, not again." American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ackba-6-million-dear-god-not-again-1968/) (1968 · Fear appeal, Transfer). Content note: Photograph of eight emaciated, naked Biafran children from a 1968 fundraising advertisement; the text calls the war a genocide and compares it to the Holocaust (the sponsor's claims). - [Army Officer Candidate School prepares you for leadership like no other school can (US Army recruiting poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/army-ocs-leadership-recruiting-poster-1968/) (1968 · Glittering generalities) - [Liberated by the Viet Cong](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nscvv-liberated-by-the-viet-cong-1968/) (1968 · Fear appeal, Card stacking). Content note: Nine photographs show dead and wounded civilians, including children, with captions attributing the killings to Viet Cong forces. - [Trung-tướng Trần-Độ: sống tại miền Bắc, chết tại miền Nam (Lieutenant General Trần Độ, Alive in the North, Dead in the South), leaflet No. 2448](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/trung-tuong-tran-do-song-chet-leaflet-1968/) (1968 · Fear appeal). Content note: Photograph of a dead body. - [Remember Hue](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/yaf-remember-hue-1968/) (1968 · Fear appeal, Card stacking). Content note: Three photographs show rows of covered bodies, a child in a street and a group of grieving people after the 1968 fighting at Hue. - [You can jail a revolutionary, but you can't jail the revolution ...](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/black-panther-party-fred-hampton-1969/) (1969 · Name-calling) - ["Cuba: 10 Years of Revolution! Cuba Today": handbill template, United States, 1969](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cuba-ten-years-of-revolution-handbill-1969/) (1969 · Testimonial) - [FTA, Freak the Army: GI-civilian solidarity concert and rally](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fta-freak-the-army-concert-rally-dane-levy-yarrow-1969/) (1969 · Semantic hijacking, Testimonial) - [How many more must die? March Against Death: A Vietnam memorial](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/new-mobe-how-many-more-must-die-march-against-death-1969/) (1969 · Transfer) - [Dove stabbed by a hammer and sickle](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/yaf-dove-hammer-and-sickle-1969/) (1969 · Transfer) - [The New Left is revolting](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/yaf-new-left-is-revolting-1969/) (1969 · Name-calling, Card stacking) - [Tell it to Hanoi](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/yaf-tell-it-to-hanoi-1969/) (1969 · Semantic hijacking, Name-calling) - [He needs a mind of his own ... he needs Radio Free Europe](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rfe-mind-of-his-own-1970/) (1970 · Transfer, Narrative laundering) - [Prisoner of the Soviet secret police: Boris Penson, Soviet Jew: let my people go!](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sssj-boris-penson-let-my-people-go-1970/) (1970 · Transfer) - [Vietnam, Cambodia, Kent, Augusta and Jackson: Memorial Day march](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/student-mobilization-vietnam-cambodia-kent-jackson-1970/) (1970 · Card stacking) - [Son Chan Valley, Vietnam: I'm sorry sir, but my men refuse to go](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ussf-my-men-refuse-to-go-son-chan-valley-1970/) (1970 · Bandwagon, Testimonial) - [Làm sao "Chiếu cố Miền Nam" (How Can You "Look After the South"), Lam Son 719 leaflet on the Ho Chi Minh Trail](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/lam-son-719-ho-chi-minh-trail-leaflet-1971/) (1971 · Fear appeal). Content note: Drawing of destroyed trucks and bodies in explosions. - [Meany in Miami Beach with our union dues](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/plp-meany-miami-beach-union-dues-1971/) (1971 · Card stacking) - [SSPL Membership Card (Chứng minh thư), Sacred Sword of the Patriots League Southern Committee](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sspl-membership-card-1971/) (1971 · Astroturfing) - [Give us this day... our sons: December 31, 1971](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unsell-the-war-give-us-this-day-our-sons-1971/) (1971 · Transfer) - [I am against...: Help Unsell the War congressional cut-out](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unsell-the-war-i-am-against-skull-1971/) (1971 · Fear appeal, Card stacking). Content note: Photograph of a human skull in a U.S.-style helmet among foliage. - [Two more casualties of Viet Nam: is it worth it?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unsell-the-war-two-more-casualties-1971/) (1971 · Fear appeal). Content note: Photograph of a flag-draped coffin with a young child standing beside it. - [The Vietnam War, December 31, 1971: may it rest in peace](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unsell-the-war-vietnam-war-tombstone-1971/) (1971 · Transfer) - [Abortion Action Week, May 1-6, 1972](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/abortion-action-week-1972/) (1972 · Glittering generalities) - [Benefit night and rally for the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (Brooklyn, 1972)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nicra-benefit-night-brooklyn-1972/) (1972 · Name-calling). Content note: Pen caricature of a heavy figure in a Union Jack waistcoat holding two marionettes on strings, on a 1972 benefit-ticket poster. - [There are but two sides in a war: she fights on the side of African freedom, Gulf finances the other: Boycott Gulf](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pan-african-liberation-committee-boycott-gulf-1972/) (1972 · Transfer) - [From 1965 to 1971 the Democrats and the Republicans dropped more than 6 million tons of bombs](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/swp-bring-the-troops-home-stop-the-bombing-jenness-pulley-1972/) (1972 · Card stacking) - [U.S. out of S.E. Asia now! Stop racism! Inauguration Day, Jan. 20, Washington, D.C.](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sds-us-out-of-se-asia-inauguration-day-1973/) (1973 · Name-calling) - [Wanted: information on over 1300 men missing in action](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/viva-wanted-missing-in-action-1973/) (1973 · Card stacking) - [Nixon with the edited White House tape transcripts](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nixon-edited-transcripts-1974/) (Apr 29, 1974 · Limited hangout) - [Looked like everybody in Africa was in there waitin' for us!, Ollie Harrington, Daily World cartoon, c.1975](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/harrington-everybody-in-africa-waitin-1975/) (1975 · Transfer) - [SWAPO: The People Armed (c. 1976 solidarity poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/swapo-the-people-armed-1976/) (1976 · Testimonial, Transfer) - [We need handguns like we need a hole in the head](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/we-need-handguns-hole-in-head-1976/) (1976 · Fear appeal, Card stacking) - [We asked four leading crooks for their opinion on gun control](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/four-leading-crooks-gun-control-1977/) (1977 · Card stacking) - ["Right to Life" demonstration, at White House and Capitol](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/right-to-life-abortion-is-murder-1978/) (Jan 23, 1978 · Glittering generalities) - ['People of Grenada' leaflet (Operation Urgent Fury)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/grenada-people-of-grenada-leaflet-1983/) (Oct 1983 · Glittering generalities) - ["People of Grenada": US forces handbill, Operation Urgent Fury](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/people-of-grenada-us-handbill-1983/) (Oct 1983 · Glittering generalities) - ['Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare' (CIA Contra training manual, Nicaragua, p. 33, 1980s)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cia-tayacan-psyops-manual-selective-violence-1985/) (Oct 18, 1985 · Euphemism / doublespeak, Glittering generalities). Content note: Typed training-manual page advising the killing of named categories of officials ('neutralize') for propaganda effect, and framing a killing as the victim's and the regime's fault. - [Nancy Reagan holds up a 'Just Say No' sign for press photographers](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/just-say-no-sign-ranch-1986/) (Sep 6, 1986 · Testimonial) - [President Bush holds up a bag of crack in the Oval Office](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bush-crack-bag-address-1989/) (Sep 5, 1989 · Card stacking, Fear appeal, Transfer) - [Desert Storm surrender leaflets (CIA museum display)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cia-desert-storm-surrender-leaflets-1991/) (1991 · Fear appeal) - [Gulf War leaflet, portrait with mourning band 'The cold face of death and war'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gulf-war-leaflet-cold-face-of-death-1991/) (1991 · Name-calling). Content note: Portrait of a political leader framed as a death notice, with Arabic text. - [Gulf War leaflet, skull-faced figure 'Ruler of the dead'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gulf-war-leaflet-ruler-of-the-dead-skull-1991/) (1991 · Name-calling). Content note: Caricature of a political leader drawn as a skull-faced figure, with Arabic text. ### East Germany (55) - [Saxon referendum posters in an FDJ youth display, "Pfingsten 1947"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sbz-saxon-referendum-posters-whitsun-1947/) (1947 · Fear appeal) - ["Die Jugend kämpft für den Frieden!": founding ceremony of the Berlin FDJ, Friedrichstadtpalast](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fdj-berlin-founding-ceremony-peace-banner-1947/) (Nov 2, 1947 · Glittering generalities) - [FDJ march-past banners at the 2nd World Festival of Youth, Budapest](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fdj-banners-budapest-world-youth-festival-1949/) (Aug 1949 · Glittering generalities) - ["Jugend voran im Kampf um die Einheit Deutschlands": FDJ torchlight march, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-fdj-torchlight-march-berlin-1949/) (Oct 11, 1949 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities) - [Atlantic Pact float in a peace demonstration, Leipzig](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-leipzig-atlantic-pact-float-1950/) (1950 · Fear appeal) - [Children examine collected Colorado beetles during the "American beetle" campaign, Chemnitz district](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-potato-beetle-search-children-chemnitz-1950/) (Jun 10, 1950 · Scapegoating, Name-calling). Content note: Photograph of schoolgirls with collected beetles; the agency caption accuses US aircraft of dropping them, a claim the US and West German governments rejected. - ["Siemens-Plania grüßt die Vorhut der internat. Arbeiterklasse": factory delegation at the Soviet memorial, Treptow](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-siemens-plania-banner-soviet-memorial-1950/) (Jul 21, 1950 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - ['Deutscher, hilf den Frieden erhalten' (German, help preserve peace): banner on a state farm, Petkus, East Germany](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/deutscher-hilf-den-frieden-erhalten-petkus-1950/) (Nov 18, 1950 · Glittering generalities) - ["100% unserer Belegschaft sind gegen Remilitarisierung": factory gate boards, Werk Fortschritt II, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-100-percent-workforce-board-fortschritt-berlin-1950/) (Dec 22, 1950 · Manufactured consensus, Glittering generalities) - ["…gegen die amerikanischen Kriegsvorbereitungen": banner on a congress hall, Rössing photograph](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-congress-hall-banner-american-war-preparations-1951/) (1951 · Fear appeal) - ["Vorwärts zu den III. Weltfestspielen … für den Frieden in Berlin 1951!": banner on the Konsum department store](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-weltfestspiele-1951-konsum-banner-berlin/) (1951 · Glittering generalities) - ["Werbung für unsere Parteipresse": subscription-drive board, IFA tractor works, Nordhausen](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-ifa-nordhausen-party-press-board-1951/) (Apr 7, 1951 · Bandwagon) - ["Der RIAS merk's dir armer Tropf": anti-RIAS display-case panel, Leipzig](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-rias-display-panel-leipzig-1952/) (1952 · Name-calling, Transfer) - [Caricature panel of a US soldier with workers at an exit door, Rössing photograph](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-us-soldier-caricature-panel-1952/) (1952 · Name-calling). Content note: Caricature of a US soldier as an obese, shouting figure in a horned helmet; East German display panel. - ["Kampftag für Friedensvertrag gegen Generalkriegsvertrag": May Day 1952 rally board, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-may-day-board-berlin-1952/) (May 1, 1952 · Name-calling, Transfer) - ["Was hast du für den Frieden getan?": backdrop quoting Anna Seghers at the 3rd German Writers' Congress, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-writers-congress-seghers-peace-quote-1952/) (May 23, 1952 · Testimonial) - ["Seite an Seite mit der Sowjetunion für den Frieden der Welt": sign on a farmhouse, Schenkenberg](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-lpg-schenkenberg-soviet-friendship-sign-1952/) (Oct 21, 1952 · Glittering generalities) - ["Unsere Antwort an Provokateure": Berlin march for the government after 17 June 1953](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-berlin-demonstration-trust-in-government-banner-1953/) (Jun 26, 1953 · Name-calling, Bandwagon) - [Berliners present gifts to Soviet soldiers "for their considered intervention" on 17 June 1953](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-volkssolidaritaet-thanks-soviet-soldiers-adn-1953/) (Jul 1, 1953 · Name-calling, Bandwagon) - ["Der Warschauer Vertrag, Kraftquell in unserem Kampf für Einheit, Frieden und Sicherheit": East CDU executive meeting, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-east-cdu-board-warsaw-pact-slogan-1955/) (Jun 15, 1955 · Glittering generalities) - [Adenauer and Krupp cartoon boards, open-air display, Rathausstrasse, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-adenauer-krupp-cartoon-boards-berlin-1957/) (1957 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Caricatures of Konrad Adenauer and of the Krupp arms firm as profiteers of war, with rhymed text about death tolls and atomic rockets. - ["Faschistische Mörder erneut in Aktion!": street board with eleven numbered portraits, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-faschistische-moerder-erneut-in-aktion-board-berlin-1957/) (1957 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Poster labelling eleven named West German and NATO officers 'Faschistische Mörder' ('fascist murderers') with portrait photographs and epithets; shown whole, the accusations are the poster's own wording. - ["Ran an den Speck, jagt die Militaristen weg!": pledge boot for the 10th anniversary of the GDR, Neubrandenburg district](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-ran-an-den-speck-boot-neubrandenburg-1959/) (Jun 1, 1959 · Name-calling) - ["Plane mit Arbeite mit Regiere mit!": town-hall banner, Königstein (Saxon Switzerland)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-plane-mit-banner-koenigstein-1960/) (1960 · Glittering generalities) - ["Wer hoch hinaus will, fällt tief": GDR border billboard near Mackenrode](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-wer-hoch-hinaus-will-faellt-tief-border-board-1960/) (1960 · Fear appeal). Content note: Caricature of a man in a suit riding a rocket on a ladder marked NATO, on a GDR border billboard. - [Cooperative farmers watch Ulbricht's Volkskammer statement on television, Höhnstedt](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-hoehnstedt-farmers-watch-ulbricht-broadcast-1960/) (Apr 24, 1960 · Bandwagon) - [Deutscher Fernsehfunk main building, Berlin-Adlershof](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-adlershof-television-centre-1960/) (Dec 27, 1960 · Bandwagon) - [FRIEDENSVERTRAG: East Berlin street board on a German peace treaty](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-friedensvertrag-board-1961/) (1961 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Cartoon caricature of a West German militarist figure marked with SS runes and an Iron Cross mace. - ["Wählt die Kandidaten der Nationalen Front": election poster on an advertising pillar, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-nationale-front-poster-pillar-1961/) (1961 · Glittering generalities) - ["Grenzgänger zu bedienen ist unter unserer Würde": shop poster, Königs Wusterhausen district](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-grenzgaenger-shop-poster-1961/) (Aug 4, 1961 · Scapegoating, Manufactured consensus) - [Leipziger Volkszeitung extra on the border-securing measures, handed out in Leipzig](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-leipzig-extrablatt-grenzsicherung-1961/) (Aug 13, 1961 · Euphemism / doublespeak). Content note: Photograph of a newspaper extra whose agency caption uses the official term 'Grenzsicherungsmaßnahmen' for the closing of the Berlin border. - ["Am 13. August gab's roten Pfeffer": house-community banner, Bitterfeld](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bitterfeld-red-pepper-banner-1961/) (Aug 29, 1961 · Name-calling, Manufactured consensus). Content note: East German banner using insult words ('agents', 'yappers') for named West Berlin figures and a radio station. - ["Wer uns angreift wird vernichtet": GDR border sign beside the new Berlin Wall (CIA photograph)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-wer-uns-angreift-wird-vernichtet-sign-1961/) (Nov 20, 1961 · Fear appeal) - ["Laßt uns gemeinsam für Frieden und Verständigung wirken!": GDR peace-treaty billboard at the Friedrichstraße crossing (CIA photograph)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-friedensvertrag-billboard-friedrichstrasse-1961/) (Dec 8, 1961 · Glittering generalities, Scapegoating) - ["Der deutsche Friedensvertrag bändigt den westdeutschen Militarismus!": sign at the Friedrichstraße checkpoint, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-friedrichstrasse-checkpoint-peace-treaty-sign-1961/) (Dec 13, 1961 · Scapegoating, Glittering generalities) - ["Aktuelle Kamera" interview with a detained West Berliner, Deutscher Fernsehfunk](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-aktuelle-kamera-schroeter-interview-1961/) (Dec 21, 1961 · Testimonial, Scapegoating) - ["Der Schutzpatron der Westberliner Spionageorganisation Lemmer": ADN photomontage](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/adn-lemmer-photomontage-1962/) (Feb 9, 1962 · Name-calling) - [Zentralbild "Terror in Südvietnam": woman and children before a burning house](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-zentralbild-terror-in-suedvietnam-mother-children-1963/) (Jul 20, 1963 · Name-calling). Content note: Press photograph of a woman carrying a naked infant and leading a child away from a burning house, with an armed soldier behind them. - [Berliner Funkhaus, Nalepastrasse: agency photo for "40 years of radio in Germany"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-radio-berlin-nalepastrasse-anniversary-1963/) (Oct 28, 1963 · Glittering generalities) - ["DDR: Das ist die Zukunft Deutschlands": grandstand board beside Berlin Cathedral](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-ddr-zukunft-board-berlin-1964/) (1964 · Bandwagon) - ["Die Unbesiegbaren" (The Unconquerable): Billhardt Vietnam exhibition billboard, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-die-unbesiegbaren-billhardt-billboard-1968/) (Oct 5, 1968 · Glittering generalities) - ["Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit für Vietnam": signing of the Vietnam appeal, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-freiheit-und-unabhaengigkeit-fuer-vietnam-appeal-1969/) (Nov 14, 1969 · Glittering generalities) - [Signed donation ribbons "Vietnam Solidarität" handed to the IDFF secretariat, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-dfd-solidarity-ribbons-vietnam-1971/) (Jan 22, 1971 · Bandwagon) - [Signed "Fahne der Solidarität" handed to a DRV diplomat, LPG Mansfeld](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-mansfeld-solidarity-flag-vietnam-1972/) (Jul 26, 1972 · Bandwagon) - ["Mit guten Taten überall voran zum X. Festival!": hand-painted sign, Dresden funicular station](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-festival-sign-standseilbahn-dresden-1973/) (1973 · Glittering generalities) - [Vietnam banners in the FDJ demonstration, 10th World Festival of Youth and Students, East Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-festival-demonstration-vietnam-banners-1973/) (Aug 4, 1973 · Bandwagon) - [Solidaritätsmeeting für El Salvador, Sandersdorf (Bezirk Halle)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-solidaritaetsmeeting-el-salvador-sandersdorf-1982/) (Jan 26, 1982 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - ["Schluß mit der israelischen Aggression": FDJ students' Lebanon solidarity meeting, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-lebanon-solidarity-meeting-plaenterwald-1982/) (Jul 22, 1982 · Name-calling) - ["STOP - Hände weg von Nikaragua!": solidarity meeting at the Werk für Fernsehelektronik, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-solidaritaetsmeeting-nicaragua-berlin-1983/) (Mar 30, 1983 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities). Content note: Agency caption uses the label 'counter-revolutionary bands' for the Contras; photograph of a GDR youth solidarity meeting. - ["STOP Raketenbeschluß!": child with a placard at a youth peace rally, Suhl](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-suhl-youth-peace-manifestation-stop-sign-1983/) (May 20, 1983 · Fear appeal, Bandwagon) - ["Keine neuen US-Raketen in Westeuropa!": peace manifestation, Halle](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-halle-peace-manifestation-banners-1983/) (Oct 21, 1983 · Fear appeal) - ["25 Jahre antifaschistischer Schutzwall": Kampfappell parade, Karl-Marx-Allee, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-kampfappell-schutzwall-anniversary-1986/) (Aug 13, 1986 · Euphemism / doublespeak, Transfer). Content note: Photograph of a military parade with a board using the GDR's official name for the Berlin Wall ('antifaschistischer Schutzwall'); the agency caption lists named officials. - ["Ihr Tod ist uns Verpflichtung": Pioneers at the border-troops memorial, Berlin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gdr-pioneers-border-guard-memorial-berlin-1986/) (Aug 13, 1986 · Euphemism / doublespeak, Transfer) - [East Berlin radio and television on the October 1989 demonstrations ('Black Channel'), FBIS Daily Report, 11 October 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/east-berlin-radio-tv-schnitzler-black-channel-1989/) (Oct 10, 1989 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: State broadcasts calling demonstrators 'hooligans' and 'criminal elements' and denying reports of deaths at the October 1989 demonstrations; includes a commentary casting emigrants as parents who abandoned their children. - [Neues Forum Leipzig, "Aufruf des Neuen Forum" (12 October 1989)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/neues-forum-leipzig-aufruf-1989/) (Oct 12, 1989 · Bandwagon) ### South Vietnam (35) - [Bỏ phiếu cho nhà cách mạng Ngô-Đình-Diệm (Vote for the Revolutionary Ngo Dinh Diem)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vote-for-diem-revolutionary-1955/) (1955 · Glittering generalities) - [Viet Nam and the Fight Against Communism (pamphlet for the Manila anti-Communist league conference), contents page](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/viet-nam-fight-against-communism-contents-1956/) (Mar 1956 · Bandwagon) - [Ngo Dinh Diem of Viet-Nam (Presidency press office booklet, Saigon 1957), 'Highlights of President Ngo Dinh Diem's Government', page 5](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/diem-highlights-henderson-quote-booklet-1957/) (1957 · Testimonial) - [Ngo Dinh Diem of Viet-Nam (Presidency press office booklet, Saigon 1957), cover](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ngo-dinh-diem-of-viet-nam-bamboo-cover-1957/) (1957 · Transfer) - [Lá phiếu là viên đạn đồng (The Ballot Is a Bronze Bullet), National Assembly election flyer, 30 August 1959](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/la-phieu-la-vien-dan-dong-1959/) (1959 · Transfer, Name-calling) - [30·8·59: 30 tháng 8 mình ơi! (30 August, my dear!), National Assembly election flyer, 1959](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/walking-couple-election-flyer-1959/) (1959 · Plain folks) - [President Ngo Dinh Diem and the Election of April 9, 1961: Addresses, Statements, Programme, page 13 (candidacy statement)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/president-diem-1961-candidacy-resolutions-statement-1961/) (1961 · Bandwagon) - [The Murder of Colonel Hoang Thuy Nam by the Vietminh Communists (Government of the Republic of Vietnam pamphlet), page 5](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/murder-of-colonel-hoang-thuy-nam-pamphlet-1962/) (May 1962 · Name-calling) - [Bức tâm thư (A Heartfelt Letter) to Viet Cong cadres, fighters and militia, in the name of the rallier Văn Công Chúc](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/buc-tam-thu-defector-letter-1963/) (1963 · Testimonial, Name-calling) - [Kỷ niệm ngày 1-11-1963 Cách Mạng thành công (Commemoration of 1 November 1963, the Revolution's Success): Gia Long Palace photograph sheet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ky-niem-1-11-1963-gia-long-palace-sheet-1963/) (1963 · Name-calling) - [Tuyên cáo của Hội đồng Quân nhân Cách mạng (Proclamation of the Military Revolutionary Council), Republic of Vietnam, 1963](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/military-revolutionary-council-proclamation-1963/) (1963 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities) - [The Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces, Volume 5 (August 1963), page 7: photographs of Chou En-lai with Ho Chi Minh and of Yeh Chien-ying with Vo Nguyen Giap](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/armed-forces-magazine-vol5-communist-embraces-1963/) (Aug 1963 · Transfer) - [Communist Aggression Against the Republic of Viet-Nam (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Saigon, July 1964), introduction 'Asia's Final Battle', page 9](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/communist-aggression-asias-final-battle-introduction-1964/) (Jul 1964 · Fear appeal) - [Vietnam Fights and Builds, No. 1 (July 1964), cover](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vietnam-fights-and-builds-no1-cover-1964/) (Jul 1964 · Transfer) - [Vietnam Fights and Builds, No. 6 (1965), page 5: 'International Aid Day celebrated in Saigon', 22 June 1965](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/international-aid-day-saigon-vietnam-fights-and-builds-no6-1965/) (1965 · Bandwagon) - [Cung chúc Tân Xuân (Happy New Spring) Tet greeting leaflet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cung-chuc-tan-xuan-tet-greeting-leaflet-1966/) (1966 · Name-calling) - [Hôm nay / Ngày mai: tại sao Việt Cộng thi hành chánh sách 'cưỡng bách tòng quân' (Today / Tomorrow: why the Viet Cong carry out the policy of 'forced conscription')](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hom-nay-ngay-mai-forced-conscription-cartoon-1966/) (1966 · Fear appeal). Content note: Cartoon panel showing a field of dead soldiers under aircraft and smoke, and a young man being seized by armed men. - [American Officers an Men in South Vietnam, NLF leaflet to US servicemen (undated)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nlf-leaflet-american-officers-and-men-undated/) (1966 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - [Thành tích hoạt động của Nội các Chiến tranh, từ 19-6-1965 đến 19-6-1966 (Record of the War Cabinet's activities), cover](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/noi-cac-chien-tranh-thanh-tich-war-cabinet-cover-1966/) (1966 · Glittering generalities) - [Noi gương Trần-Hưng-Đạo, toàn dân đoàn kết chống Cộng cứu nước (Follow the example of Tran Hung Dao: the whole people united against Communism to save the nation)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/noi-guong-tran-hung-dao-chong-cong-1966/) (1966 · Transfer) - [Our Resounding Victories (part 1: cover and opening claims), People's Liberation Armed Forces leaflet to US servicemen, 1966](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/plaf-our-resounding-victories-1966-part-1/) (1966 · Card stacking, Name-calling) - [Our Resounding Victories (part 2: dated claims and appeal), People's Liberation Armed Forces leaflet to US servicemen, 1966](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/plaf-our-resounding-victories-1966-part-2/) (1966 · Card stacking, Fear appeal) - [The People Vote: The World Press Appraises Vietnam's National Elections (Vietnam Through Foreign Eyes, No. 5), page 5](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/the-people-vote-world-press-pamphlet-1967/) (1967 · Testimonial) - [Đồng bào hãy dồn phiếu cho Liên danh Dân-chủ Nguyễn-Văn-Thiệu – Nguyễn-Cao-Kỳ (Compatriots, pool your votes for the Democratic Ticket Thieu–Ky)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/thieu-ky-democratic-ticket-election-poster-1967/) (1967 · Glittering generalities) - [1 mục tiêu của Ấp Đời Mới (One goal of the New Life Hamlet: agriculture)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ap-doi-moi-agriculture-goal-poster-1968/) (1968 · Glittering generalities) - [Republic of Vietnam: Special Issue on the National Day (Consulate General in Hong Kong, 1968), typescript page 3 on military, economic and social 'success'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/republic-of-vietnam-national-day-1968-achievements-typescript-1968/) (1968 · Card stacking) - [Republic of Vietnam: Special Issue on the National Day (Consulate General in Hong Kong, 1968), cover](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/republic-of-vietnam-national-day-1968-whole-country-map-cover-1968/) (1968 · Card stacking) - [Ủng hộ Chính phủ do Tổng thống Nguyễn Văn Thiệu lãnh đạo (Support the Government Led by President Nguyen Van Thieu): curfew leaflet, 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/thieu-government-curfew-support-leaflet-1968/) (1968 · Bandwagon, Transfer) - [Thư xuân gửi các bạn cán binh bên kia chiến tuyến (Spring letter to the cadres and soldiers on the other side of the front line), Colonel Lê Trí Tín, Quang Nam](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/le-tri-tin-quang-nam-tet-letter-1970/) (1970 · Bandwagon) - [Bình Long Anh Dũng / Valiant Binh Long (booklet cover)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/binh-long-anh-dung-booklet-cover-1972/) (1972 · Glittering generalities) - [Valiant Binh Long (booklet text page: the March 1972 crossing and the road to An Lộc)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/binh-long-anh-dung-booklet-invasion-text-1972/) (1972 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Text uses animal and bloodshed imagery ('wounded wild beast', 'sea of blood and tears') for the North Vietnamese side. - [Trị, Thiên vùng dậy (booklet text page: 'The final battle is being concluded')](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tri-thien-vung-day-booklet-final-battle-text-1972/) (1972 · Glittering generalities, Name-calling) - [Trị, Thiên vùng dậy (booklet page: elderly refugee and children, 'the communists' yoke')](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tri-thien-vung-day-booklet-refugees-yoke-caption-1972/) (1972 · Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: Photographs of an elderly woman with an infant and of children with bundled belongings in a displacement setting, with a caption naming the opposing side's rule a 'yoke'. - [Trị, Thiên vùng dậy (booklet page: photograph of wrecked buildings with caption)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tri-thien-vung-day-booklet-tet-damage-photo-1972/) (1972 · Name-calling, Card stacking) - [Trị, Thiên vùng dậy (booklet text page: from Tet 1968 to the 1972 offensive)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tri-thien-vung-day-booklet-tet-to-1972-text-1972/) (1972 · Name-calling, Card stacking) ### Australia (23) - [Ai Sẽ Là Những Người Kế Tiếp (Who Will Be Next), leaflet ATF-004-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/who-will-be-next-grave-scene-leaflet-1970/) (Jun 6, 1970 · Fear appeal). Content note: Line drawings of eight gravestones with casualty counts, aimed at the enemy soldiers who received the leaflet. - [Hồi Chánh viên Nguyễn Văn Rõ (Returnee Nguyen Van Ro), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-012-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hoi-chanh-nguyen-van-ro-d445-leaflet-1970/) (Jun 25, 1970 · Testimonial, Scapegoating) - [Những gì sẽ xảy đến cho các bạn nếu các bạn bị thương nặng (What Will Happen to You If You Are Seriously Wounded), leaflet ATF-021-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/what-will-happen-if-wounded-medical-care-leaflet-1970/) (Aug 17, 1970 · Fear appeal, Testimonial) - [Hãy nhớ lại người bạn cũ (Remember Your Former Comrade), leaflet ATF-022-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/remember-former-comrade-hospital-leaflet-1970/) (Aug 24, 1970 · Fear appeal) - [Hồi Chánh Viên Trần Văn Vinh (Returnee Tran Van Vinh), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-031-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hoi-chanh-tran-van-vinh-leaflet-1970/) (Aug 30, 1970 · Testimonial) - [Các bạn đang làm gì ở đây? (What Are You Doing Here?), leaflet ATF-041-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/what-are-you-doing-here-question-beliefs-leaflet-1970/) (Oct 2, 1970 · Fear appeal) - [Ấp Tây quick-reaction contact leaflet ATF-047-70 (After the Ap Tay Contact)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ap-tay-quick-reaction-leaflet-1970/) (Oct 9, 1970 · Fear appeal). Content note: Drawing of a dead fighter lying between two grieving faces, aimed at the enemy soldiers who received the leaflet. - [Tôi tự hỏi chồng tôi ở đâu và đang làm gì? (I Wonder Where My Husband Is), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-052-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/remembering-the-family-chieu-hoi-leaflet-1970/) (Nov 10, 1970 · Fear appeal) - [Bây giờ chúng ta đi về đâu? (Where Do We Go Now?), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-054-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/where-do-we-go-now-chieu-hoi-leaflet-1970/) (Nov 28, 1970 · Scapegoating) - [Đồng-bào miền Nam Việt-Nam giải-quyết những vấn-đề của miền Nam (South Vietnamese Solve the Problems of the South), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-065-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/south-vietnamese-solutions-flag-chieu-hoi-leaflet-1970/) (Dec 1970 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [Quyền lợi khi hồi chánh (Benefits on Rallying), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-063-70](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rally-benefits-clothing-money-leaflet-1970/) (Dec 21, 1970 · Card stacking) - [Hãy ra Chiêu-Hồi để được ăn Tết vui vẻ (Rally to Celebrate Tet in Joy), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-073-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tet-1971-chieu-hoi-leaflet-1971/) (Jan 19, 1971 · Fear appeal) - [Tử-thần đang tìm kiếm thêm nhiều mạng sống (The Shadow of Death Is Seeking More Lives), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-074-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/d445-shadow-of-death-leaflet-1971/) (Jan 25, 1971 · Fear appeal). Content note: Drawing of a grave and ghost figures with a list of named dead, aimed at the enemy soldiers who received the leaflet. - [Chúng Tôi Đã Ra Chiêu-Hồi (We Have Rallied), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-078-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/three-hoi-chanhs-rallied-australians-leaflet-1971/) (Jan 28, 1971 · Testimonial) - [Phù-hiệu này có nghĩa gì? / Ý nghĩa Chiêu-Hồi (What Does This Emblem Mean? / The Meaning of Chieu Hoi), leaflet ATF-079-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/meaning-of-chieu-hoi-emblem-leaflet-1971/) (Feb 2, 1971 · Glittering generalities) - [Hồi Chánh Viên Nguyễn Văn Lệ (Returnee Nguyen Van Le), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-080-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chieu-hoi-nguyen-van-le-rallier-1971/) (Feb 8, 1971 · Testimonial) - [Các đồng-đội của các bạn ở Kampuchea đang bị khổ-sở (Your Comrades in Kampuchea Are Suffering), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-085-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chieu-hoi-kampuchea-supply-line-1971/) (Feb 19, 1971 · Fear appeal) - [Hồi Chánh Viên Phùng Xuân Hồ (Returnee Phung Xuan Ho), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-092-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hoi-chanh-phung-xuan-ho-binh-chau-leaflet-1971/) (Mar 2, 1971 · Testimonial) - [Hãy trở về với chánh-nghĩa (Return to the Just Cause), Xuyên Mộc 'follow the arrows' leaflet ATF-088-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/follow-the-arrows-xuyen-moc-leaflet-1971/) (Mar 4, 1971 · Glittering generalities) - [Hãy trở về với Chính-Phủ Việt-nam Cộng-Hòa (Return to the Government of the Republic of Vietnam), Chieu Hoi leaflet ATF-112-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/return-to-the-republic-of-vietnam-leaflet-1971/) (Jun 1971 · Bandwagon) - [Phạm Văn Lê, dí-danh Phạm-Văn-Thao (Returnee Pham Van Le, alias Pham Van Thao), Chieu Hoi leaflet 1971](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hoi-chanh-pham-van-le-long-dat-leaflet-1971/) (Aug 1971 · Testimonial, Fear appeal) - [Hỡi các Sĩ-Quan và Binh-sĩ thuộc Trung-Đoàn 4 Chủ-Lực (To the Officers and Soldiers of the 274th Main Force Regiment), leaflet ATF-115-71](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/demoralise-274-main-force-regiment-leaflet-1971/) (Aug 24, 1971 · Fear appeal, Card stacking). Content note: Border of drawn skulls around text addressed to enemy soldiers. - [Cùng các đội-viên du-kích và chi-bộ xã Bình-Ba (To the Binh Ba Guerrillas and Party Chapter), leaflet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/binh-ba-guerrillas-and-party-chapter-leaflet-1971/) (Oct 9, 1971 · Scapegoating) ### Soviet Union (16) - [Tegyvuoja TSRS tautų broliškoji sąjunga ir nesugriaunamoji draugystė! (Long live the fraternal union of the peoples of the USSR), Lithuanian SSR poster, 1946](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tsrs-tautu-broliskoji-sajunga-lithuanian-ssr-1946/) (1946 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [Aukštaičių kova, Nr. 2, 27 September 1949 (Lithuanian partisan underground journal, cover)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/aukstaiciu-kova-no2-partisan-1949/) (Sep 27, 1949 · Transfer) - [Elagu suur Stalin, võitnud sotsialismi konstitutsiooni looja! (Long live great Stalin), Estonian SSR poster, 1950](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/elagu-suur-stalin-estonian-ssr-1950/) (1950 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [TASS International Service, 'Occupation Progress', broadcast (Moscow, August 22, 1968; FBIS transcript)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968/) (Aug 22, 1968 · Name-calling, Bandwagon, Euphemism / doublespeak) - ["1870 1970": Lenin centenary decoration on Palace Square, Leningrad](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/leningrad-lenin-centenary-palace-square-1970/) (1970 · Transfer, Bandwagon) - [Giant Lenin portrait hung in the main gate of the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), Moscow](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vdnkh-lenin-portrait-main-gate-1971/) (1971 · Transfer) - ["Да здравствует Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза!": rooftop slogan, Moscow](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/moscow-kpss-rooftop-slogan-1975/) (1975 · Glittering generalities) - [Slogan banners at a rally on Lenin Square, Gomel: "Слава КПСС!" (Glory to the CPSU!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gomel-october-revolution-60th-rally-1977/) (1977 · Glittering generalities) - ["БАМ — стройка всенародная" (BAM, a construction of the whole people): Lenin portrait and union-republic emblem board, Ust-Ilimsk](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ust-ilimsk-bam-vsenarodnaya-board-1977/) (1977 · Bandwagon, Transfer) - [Row of agitation boards on a construction site, Ust-Ilimsk: "Делу Ленина верны!" (Loyal to Lenin's cause!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ust-ilimsk-construction-site-agitation-boards-1977/) (1977 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [TASS statement on the 'unidentified intruder' (Korean Air Lines Flight 007), FBIS Daily Report, 6 September 1983](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-statement-unidentified-intruder-kal007-1983/) (Sep 6, 1983 · Card stacking, Whataboutism). Content note: Soviet state-agency statement on a civilian airliner shot down with 269 people aboard; the text calls the flight a 'pre-planned act' and omits its destruction. - [Bilingual banner "For anti-imperialist solidarity, peace and friendship" on a Moscow house of culture, XII World Festival of Youth and Students](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/moscow-vit-1985-hungarian-club-antiimperialist-banner/) (1985 · Glittering generalities) - [Multilingual banners at the Artek international Pioneer camp, Gurzuf: "Für antiimperialistischen Frieden und Freundschaft"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/artek-international-pioneer-banners-1986/) (1986 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [Radio Moscow World Service on the Chernobyl accident and U.S. reports, FBIS Daily Report, 1 May 1986](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/radio-moscow-chernobyl-us-reports-1986/) (May 1, 1986 · Limited hangout, Whataboutism). Content note: Soviet radio commentary on the Chernobyl disaster that reports two deaths and attributes Western coverage to an 'order'; later assessments recorded far larger casualties. - [Дым, в котором мы живём (The Smoke in Which We Live)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/dym-v-kotorom-my-zhivyom-1988/) (1988 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [24. veebruaril valite vabaduse: Eesti Kongress (On 24 February choose freedom: Estonian Congress), election poster, 1990](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/eesti-kongress-valite-vabaduse-1990/) (Feb 1990 · Glittering generalities) ### China (15) - ["Mr. Moneybags is in Florida this Christmas" leaflet, Korean War](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cpv-moneybags-christmas-leaflet-1951/) (1951 · Scapegoating, Card stacking) - [ORDER: safe-conduct pass of the Chinese People's Volunteers' Headquarters](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cpv-safe-conduct-order-1951/) (1951 · Card stacking) - ["毛主席第七次检阅文化革命大军" (Chairman Mao reviews the great army of the Cultural Revolution for the seventh time), woven silk picture](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mao-zhou-lin-silk-picture-seventh-review-1966/) (1966 · Transfer) - [Mao portrait and Party slogan on the Beijing airport terminal, Nixon arrival, 21 February 1972](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/beijing-airport-mao-portrait-party-slogan-nixon-arrival-1972/) (Feb 21, 1972 · Transfer) - ["英雄黄继光" (Hero Huang Jiguang), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hero-huang-jiguang-poster-china-1973/) (1973 · Transfer) - ["We never stop praising the thoughts of our Chairman Mao" (museum title), Xinjiang poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/we-never-stop-praising-mao-thought-poster-xinjiang-1973/) (1973 · Transfer, Bandwagon) - ["团结起来 争取更大的胜利" (Unite, strive for even greater victories), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unite-for-greater-victories-poster-china-1974/) (1974 · Bandwagon, Transfer) - ["连队理论小组" (Company theory study group), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/company-theory-study-group-poster-china-1975/) (1975 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - ["为革命实行计划生育" (Practise family planning for the revolution), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/family-planning-for-the-revolution-china-1975/) (1975 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - ["各族人民心向党" (The peoples of all nationalities turn their hearts to the Party), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/all-peoples-hearts-turn-to-the-party-poster-china-1976/) (1976 · Transfer, Bandwagon) - ["批判资产阶级法权思想，全心全意为人民服务！" (Criticize bourgeois-right thinking, serve the people wholeheartedly), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/criticize-bourgeois-right-serve-the-people-poster-china-1976/) (1976 · Glittering generalities) - ["团结战斗学大寨 誓把山河面貌改" (Unite and fight, learn from Dazhai, vow to change the face of the land), poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unite-and-fight-learn-from-dazhai-poster-china-1976/) (1976 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [中共中央通知 中发〔1976〕16号 (CCP Central Committee Notice, Zhongfa \[1976\] No. 16), first page](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zhongfa-16-notice-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-clique-1976/) (Oct 18, 1976 · Name-calling, Transfer) - ["打倒王张江姚…" (Down with Wang, Zhang, Jiang, Yao...), wall slogan at Dazhai, Shanxi](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/down-with-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-wall-slogan-dazhai-1977/) (Aug 1977 · Name-calling) - [FBIS Daily Report: 'Beijing Mayor on Role of University Students' (Xinhua Domestic Service, 23 Dec 1986)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/beijing-mayor-role-of-university-students-fbis-1986/) (Dec 23, 1986 · Card stacking) ### North Korea (13) - [선전원수책 No. 8 (Propagandist's Handbook No. 8): North Korean Workers' Party agitators' booklet, October 1948](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sonjonwon-suchaek-no8-oct-1948/) (Oct 1948 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities) - [선전원수책 No. 9 (Propagandist's Handbook No. 9): North Korean Workers' Party agitators' booklet, December 1948](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sonjonwon-suchaek-no9-dec-1948/) (Dec 1948 · Glittering generalities) - [영용한 인민군장병들이여! (Heroic Soldiers of the People's Army!): North Korean Korean War poster, charge on Busan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kpa-charge-on-busan-poster-1951/) (1951 · Name-calling). Content note: Caricatured enemy soldiers shown bayoneted and drowned, one holding a bomb marked 'USA'; wartime North Korean battle poster. - [Some People Wonder! (Believe it or not, these are POW's!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kpa-cpv-some-people-wonder-pow-leaflet-1951/) (1951 · Plain folks, Scapegoating) - [쏘베트 사회주의 공화국 련맹 내각수상 쓰딸린 대원수 (Stalin, Generalissimo): North Korean portrait broadside, circa 1951](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/north-korean-stalin-broadside-1951/) (1951 · Transfer) - [1953년 새해를 맞는 米帝 强占下의 南半部風景 (Scenes of the Southern Half under U.S. Imperialist Occupation, at the 1953 New Year)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kpa-new-year-1953-south-scenes-leaflet-1953/) (1953 · Card stacking, Name-calling) - [FBIS Daily Report: Nodong Sinmun commentary 'Tears of the Instigator' on the 1976 Panmunjom axe incident](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pyongyang-panmunjom-axe-anniversary-fbis-1986/) (Aug 20, 1986 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Card stacking). Content note: Contains North Korean state commentary describing U.S. personnel as 'bestial aggressors' and 'cannibals' and recasting the 1976 killing of two U.S. officers as a U.S. provocation. - [FBIS Daily Report: Pyongyang commentary calls the 1983 Rangoon bombing a 'drama self-made by the puppets'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pyongyang-rangoon-bombing-denial-fbis-1986/) (Oct 9, 1986 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Contains North Korean state commentary calling the South Korean government 'the puppets' and a 'traitor', and denying responsibility for the 1983 Rangoon bombing (which killed 21) and the 1986 Kimpo airport bombing. - [Kim Il-sung portrait flag pin beside a national flag patch, North Korea (photographed 2007)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kim-il-sung-pin-north-korea-2007/) (Aug 2, 2007 · Transfer) - [Kim Il-sung statue and Mansudae Grand Monument, Pyongyang (photographed 2010)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kim-il-sung-statue-mansudae-2010/) (Sep 4, 2010 · Transfer) - [Kim Il-sung lapel badges on a school group, North Korea (photographed 2010)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kim-il-sung-badges-pyongyang-2010/) (Sep 6, 2010 · Transfer) - [Chollima Statue, Mansu Hill, Pyongyang (photographed 2014)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chollima-statue-pyongyang-2014/) (Jun 23, 2014 · Glittering generalities) - [Juche Tower tribute plaques from foreign study groups, Pyongyang (photographed 2018)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/juche-tower-tribute-plaques-pyongyang-2018/) (Mar 5, 2018 · Manufactured consensus) ### Iran (12) - [Shooresh cartoon on the 1953 dissolution referendum: "155544 votes in favour" and opponents before gallows](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/shooresh-referendum-gallows-cartoon-1953/) (Aug 8, 1953 · Bandwagon, Name-calling). Content note: Newspaper cartoon showing named political opponents filing toward gallows with nooses hanging. - [Melati bedonbal-e shah-e khod (A Nation Following Its Shah): Pahlavi government poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pro-shah-nation-follows-shah-1965/) (1965 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [Central Bank of Iran 100 rials note, 50th anniversary of the Pahlavi monarchy, 1355 (1976)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/central-bank-iran-100-rials-fifty-years-pahlavi-1976/) (1976 · Transfer) - [Khomeini among widows and orphans, with the fallen Shah at his feet: poster signed Norouzian, May 1979](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/khomeini-widows-orphans-fallen-shah-norouzian-1979/) (May 9, 1979 · Transfer). Content note: Painted poster showing the deposed Shah crawling among spent bullet casings at the feet of Ayatollah Khomeini. - [FBIS Daily Report: Tehran Domestic Service on the occupation of the U.S. Embassy (5 Nov 1979)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-tehran-embassy-seizure-1979/) (Nov 5, 1979 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: State-radio report of the 1979 US embassy seizure, repeating the occupiers' labels for the US and the ex-shah ('world domineering', 'spying Embassy', 'criminal'), and naming Israel and 'Zionism' as enemies. - [Banisadr presidential election poster ("We vote for Seyyed Abolhassan Banisadr"), Qaemshahr Islamic Youth Association](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/banisadr-election-poster-qaemshahr-1980/) (1980 · Glittering generalities) - [Ayyuha al-jaysh al-'iraqi al-sharif (O honourable Iraqi army): Iranian Army leaflet on Saddam's 'film'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/iran-army-leaflet-saddam-pow-film-iraqi-army-1980/) (1980 · Name-calling, Euphemism / doublespeak). Content note: Wartime leaflet that calls Saddam Hussein a criminal, agent and charlatan, in Arabic. - ["War, war, until victory": Iranian war-affairs poster, 1980s](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/jang-jang-ta-pirouzi-war-affairs-hq-poster-1980s/) (1980 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [The Shah kneeling before Khomeini beneath a Quranic scroll: Iranian poster, 1980](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/shah-kneeling-before-khomeini-quran-scroll-poster-1980/) (1980 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Poster that shows the deposed Shah kneeling and abased before Khomeini under a Quranic verse of condemnation. - [Ya abna' al-jaysh al-'iraqi (O Sons of the Iraqi Army): Iranian Army leaflet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/iran-army-leaflet-to-iraqi-army-1981/) (1981 · Name-calling, Transfer) - [Rajai and Bahonar in divine palms above Statue-of-Liberty figures: Isfahan Islamic Guidance poster, 1981](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rajai-bahonar-divine-palms-statues-of-liberty-isfahan-1981/) (1981 · Transfer, Testimonial, Name-calling). Content note: Poster that shows two assassinated officials in flames and pictures the faces of named opponents under Statue of Liberty crowns. - ["Workers, toilers! Islam is your supporter": Jomhouri-e Eslami special issue, 1982](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kargaran-zahmatkeshan-eslam-hami-shomast-1982/) (Sep 24, 1982 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) ### Chile (10) - [Allende's radio and television greeting for International Women's Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/allende-womens-day-radio-tv-greeting-1973/) (Mar 8, 1973 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodriguez leaflet: "Integrate a las Milicias Rodriguistas" (c. 1983-1988)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-fpmr-integrate-milicias-rodriguistas-leaflet-1980s/) (1983 · Bandwagon) - [Avanzada Nacional leaflet inviting supporters to greet "the President" on his birthday (1986)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-avanzada-nacional-presidente-plaza-constitucion-1986/) (Nov 25, 1986 · Glittering generalities) - ["El No... otra vez la Unidad Popular" leaflet: queues, empty shelves and ration cards (1988)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-el-no-otra-vez-la-up-leaflet-1988/) (1988 · Card stacking, Fear appeal) - ["8 años más... con Pinochet... NO!" leaflet (Partido Radical, Chile, 1988)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-ocho-anos-mas-con-pinochet-no-leaflet-1988/) (1988 · Fear appeal, Card stacking). Content note: Text list naming torture, repression and 'degollados' (throat-cut victims) as consequences of a further Pinochet term; no images of violence. - ["Pinochet: Nunca nadie hizo más por la familia chilena": 1988 plebiscite pamphlet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-pinochet-nunca-nadie-familia-1988/) (1988 · Card stacking, Glittering generalities) - [Partido por la Democracia leaflet: a giant "NO" beside five grievances (1988 plebiscite)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-ppd-no-leaflet-1988/) (1988 · Card stacking) - ["Soldado: en el plebiscito, por la patria vota NO" leaflet (1988)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-soldado-vota-no-leaflet-1988/) (1988 · Glittering generalities) - ["Usted elige" leaflet: Chilean flag above a hammer-and-sickle field (1988 plebiscite period)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-usted-elige-leaflet-1988/) (1988 · Transfer, Card stacking) - ["¿Y qué ocurre hoy? ... Vote SÍ" leaflet (Chile, 1988)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/chile-vote-si-por-su-seguridad-leaflet-1988/) (1988 · Glittering generalities) ### Netherlands (10) - [Indie en Nederland is EEN. Weg met Soekarno (The Indies and the Netherlands Are ONE. Down with Sukarno), slogans chalked on a troop lorry](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/weg-met-soekarno-lorry-slogan-1947/) (1947 · Glittering generalities, Scapegoating) - ['Politiele actie in Indonesie hervat' (Polygoon newsreel, chalkboard bulletin)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/politionele-actie-in-indonesie-hervat-1948/) (Dec 1948 · Euphemism / doublespeak). Content note: Period Dutch government wording ('police action') for a colonial military offensive in Indonesia; the bulletin's stated reason is quoted as chalked. - ['Johnson Oorlogsmisdadiger' (Johnson, war criminal): placard at an anti-American demonstration, Amsterdam](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/johnson-oorlogsmisdadiger-banner-1968/) (Mar 16, 1968 · Name-calling) - [Biafra famine-relief banner above a post office counter, Utrecht](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/biafra-famine-appeal-utrecht-post-office-1968/) (Aug 10, 1968 · Fear appeal). Content note: Brush drawing of an emaciated, naked child-like figure on a famine-relief banner, 1968. - ["Boycot Outspan" Protest Outside Albert Heijn, Amsterdam (1973)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/boycot-outspan-albert-heijn-1973/) (May 23, 1973 · Name-calling, Transfer) - ["Eet geen Outspan sinaasappelen" B.O.A. poster shown at a press conference (Netherlands, 1980)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/outspan-boa-poster-eet-geen-apartheid-1980/) (May 1, 1980 · Transfer). Content note: Protest poster showing a Black man's head squeezed in a juicer by a hand labelled 'Apartheid'; a caricature-style image used against South African oranges. - ["NATO soldaten tegen kernwapens": banner at the Volkel air base demonstration](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nato-soldaten-tegen-kernwapens-banner-volkel-1982/) (Apr 12, 1982 · Testimonial) - ["Na atoomreagan geen zonneschijn": banner at a Dutch anti-nuclear demonstration](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/na-atoomreagan-banner-1982/) (Apr 17, 1982 · Name-calling, Fear appeal) - ["Geen boykot = meer geweld in Zuid-Afrika" banner and stained CDA flag, The Hague (1983)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/geen-boykot-meer-geweld-bloody-cda-flag-1983/) (Jun 21, 1983 · Transfer). Content note: Protest photograph with a party flag marked with what the archive calls blood; no graphic injury shown. - ["Reagan stop Star-Wars": placard and children's banners at an anti-missile demonstration, The Hague](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/reagan-stop-star-wars-children-banners-the-hague-1987/) (Oct 31, 1987 · Fear appeal) ### Romania (10) - [Scînteia Tineretului, 7 March 1977: Ceaușescu's visit to earthquake-hit areas](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/scinteia-tineretului-earthquake-front-page-1977/) (Mar 7, 1977 · Glittering generalities) - [Mass spectacle with Ceaușescu portrait, "23 August" Stadium, Bucharest, 23 September 1978](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/daciada-stadium-spectacle-bucharest-1978/) (Sep 23, 1978 · Bandwagon, Transfer) - ["Frontul Democrației și Unității Socialiste - cel mai larg organism politic": Romanian wall chart](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/romanian-front-of-democracy-and-socialist-unity-1985/) (1985 · Semantic hijacking, Glittering generalities) - ["Epoca Ceaușescu": 65th-anniversary billboard of the Romanian Communist Party, Bucharest, 1986](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ceausescu-65-ani-pcr-billboard-bucharest-1986/) (1986 · Transfer) - [Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu before a costumed crowd with portrait banners, 1986](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ceausescu-couple-personality-cult-banners-1986/) (1986 · Transfer, Bandwagon) - [65 de ani de la făurirea Partidului Comunist Român: Romanian party-anniversary poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pcr-65-ani-faurirea-partidului-poster-1986/) (1986 · Transfer) - [Defaced ballot, Tulcea County, Great National Assembly elections, 17 November 1987](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/defaced-ballot-tulcea-1987/) (Nov 17, 1987 · Name-calling) - [Bucharest Domestic Service: Ceausescu's address on the Timisoara events, FBIS Daily Report, 21 December 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bucharest-radio-ceausescu-timisoara-address-1989/) (Dec 20, 1989 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Card stacking). Content note: Official state speech labelling demonstrators 'hooligan elements', 'terrorist gangs' and 'fascist'; delivered two days before the regime fell, while security forces were firing on crowds in Timisoara. - [Scînteia, 21 December 1989: "Cuvîntarea tovarășului Nicolae Ceaușescu la posturile de radio și televiziune"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/scinteia-ceausescu-televised-address-1989/) (Dec 21, 1989 · Transfer) - [Scînteia Poporului, Anul I Nr. 1 (23 December 1989): front page of the National Salvation Front's first daily](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/scinteia-poporului-nr-1-fsn-1989/) (Dec 23, 1989 · Glittering generalities) ### Albania (6) - ["Rroftë miqësia shqiptaro-kineze": faded slogan on a building at Porto Palermo](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/albania-albanian-chinese-friendship-slogan-porto-palermo/) (1961 · Glittering generalities) - [Concrete dome bunker near Krujë, Albania (bunker programme, 1967 to 1986)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/albania-bunker-kruja-1967-1986/) (1967 · Fear appeal) - ["Qëllimi i televizionit borgjezo-revizioniste": beach sign against foreign television, Durrës, 1978](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/albania-anti-foreign-tv-sign-durres-1978/) (1978 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Sign applying the labels 'bourgeois-revisionist' to foreign television; people sunbathing in swimwear are visible beneath it. - ["Atdheu e mbron i gjithë populli": mural of armed figures on an apartment block, 1978](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/albania-atdheu-e-mbron-mural-1978/) (1978 · Glittering generalities, Fear appeal) - ["Marksizem-Leninizmi flamuri fitimtar": roadside board with Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, 1978](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/albania-marksizem-leninizmi-flamuri-fitimtar-1978/) (1978 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - ["Tek uniteti Parti-Popull qëndron forca jonë": Party of Labour board in front of the Ethem Bey Mosque, Tirana, 1978](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/albania-ppsh-unity-board-ethem-bey-mosque-tirana-1978/) (Sep 1978 · Identity fusion, Glittering generalities). Content note: Party political board placed in front of a mosque closed under the 1967 ban on religion. ### Czechoslovakia (6) - ['Síla KSČ je v lidu': Communist Party pre-election photomontage leaflet, 1946](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ksc-sila-lidu-pre-election-leaflet-1946/) (1946 · Bandwagon, Identity fusion) - ["Lenin, prebuď sa, Brežnev sa zbláznil": wall slogan after the Warsaw Pact invasion, Slovakia](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/slovak-wall-slogan-lenin-wake-up-1968/) (1968 · Name-calling, Transfer) - [Pražané! (Praguers!): leaflet from the first days of the 1968 occupation](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/prazane-leaflet-prague-1968/) (Aug 1968 · Glittering generalities, Name-calling) - ['Generální stávka 27. 11. = první svobodné volby': student-printed strike poster, November 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/generalni-stavka-27-11-poster-1989/) (Nov 1989 · Glittering generalities) - ['Šance pro 15 000 000': hand-painted student-strike poster, Prague, November 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sance-pro-15-milionu-strike-poster-1989/) (Nov 1989 · Glittering generalities) - [Mock death notice for 'the totalitarian power of one political party', 1990](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/totalitni-moc-parte-civic-forum-1990/) (1990 · Name-calling). Content note: Mock death notice using insulting epithets for a political party and naming two former party officials and 'StB staff' as mourners; no violence shown. ### Hungary (5) - [Lenin, Rákosi and Stalin portraits: Innovation and Invention Exhibition, Budapest](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hungary-lenin-rakosi-stalin-exhibition-1949/) (1949 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [May Day parade satire: dollar-throne figure and 'US'-helmeted puppets, Budapest](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/budapest-mayday-dollar-throne-1953/) (May 1, 1953 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Costumed parade satire of the United States: a dollar-sign throne, striped costume and helmets marked 'US', some worn with dark full-face coverings. - [Sovetskie soldaty! Russian-language appeal to Soviet troops, Budapest 1956](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hungarian-youth-appeal-soviet-soldiers-1956/) (1956 · Name-calling, Scapegoating) - [Workers' Militia unit assembly, Cegléd: "A szocialista haza védelme pártunk, államunk, népünk közös ügye"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hungary-workers-militia-30th-anniversary-cegled-1987/) (1987 · Identity fusion) - [Stage slogan at the MSZMP national conference, Budapest: "A párt vezetésével, \[de\]mokrácia és a reformok útján a szocializmusért!"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hungary-mszmp-national-conference-slogan-1988/) (May 21, 1988 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) ### Iraq (5) - [Payam: Ay Iraniyan (Message: O Iranians): Iraqi armed forces notice with image of Imam Ali](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/iraq-notice-to-iranians-imam-ali-1980/) (1980 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - [Al-Iraq newspaper, 7 January 1989: new-year illustration of Saddam Hussein with '1989' banner](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/iraq-al-iraq-new-year-1989-saddam-illustration/) (Jan 7, 1989 · Transfer). Content note: Leader-glorifying newspaper illustration from Ba'athist Iraq. - [بطل النصر والسلام (Hero of Victory and Peace), Saddam Hussein roadside mural, bullet-damaged](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/saddam-hero-of-victory-and-peace-mural-1991/) (1991 · Glittering generalities). Content note: Bullet-damaged state mural of Saddam Hussein; a uniformed soldier stands beside it. No graphic content. - [Baghdad communique and RCC-Ba'th statement, 17 January 1991 (FBIS translation)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/baghdad-communique-3-fbis-1991/) (Jan 17, 1991 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Wartime state text using religious epithets ('infidels, idolators, hypocrites', 'U.S. despot and apostate') and the phrase 'U.S.-Zionist aggression' about the coalition. - [FBIS Daily Report: Baghdad Domestic Service reads Saddam Husayn's letter to Bush (17 Jan 1991)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-baghdad-saddam-letter-to-bush-1991/) (Jan 17, 1991 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Wartime letter from Saddam Husayn calling President Bush 'enemy of God and colleague of the devil', 'atheist, unbeliever, sinful aggressor', and the Gulf rulers 'treacherous'. ### Poland (5) - ["1 Maja": PZPR works-committee invitation to the May Day march, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/poland-pzpr-may-day-invitation-poznan-1981/) (1981 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - ["Zomomotywa": anonymous typed satire poem on ZOMO and the party leadership](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zomomotywa-opposition-satire-poem-1982/) (Apr 1982 · Name-calling). Content note: Vulgar satirical verse insulting named political figures and police, including 'Zionist' used as an insult. - ["Życiorys generała": anonymous typed satirical verse biography of General Jaruzelski](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zyciorys-generala-opposition-satire-poem-1982/) (Oct 1982 · Name-calling). Content note: Satirical verse using ethnic slurs for Russians ('nits') and an ethnic pun on 'Jew' and 'Jerusalem'; vulgar insults of a named general. - [Banned union's banners on the fence at Jasna Góra, Częstochowa: "Zło dobrem zwyciężaj"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/poland-solidarity-banners-jasna-gora-1985/) (1985 · Transfer) - ["WANTED / List gończy": Solidarność Walcząca handbill against Jaruzelski, Poznań](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/solidarnosc-walczaca-list-gonczy-jaruzelski-poznan-1989/) (Jun 1989 · Name-calling). Content note: Mock 'wanted' notice offering a reward for a named real person 'alive or dead', with accusations of war crimes, NKVD service and mental illness. ### Republic of Indonesia (5) - [Boeroeh dan Tani pergoenakanlah persatoeanmoe oentoek membasmi moesoeh. Mari kita berdjoeang (Workers and Peasants, Use Your Unity to Wipe Out the Enemy. Let Us Struggle)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/boeroeh-dan-tani-membasmi-moesoeh-1947/) (Sep 1947 · Glittering generalities) - [Bangsa "Merdeka", Negara "Merdeka": Inilah Tudjuan Kita! (Free Nation, Free State: This Is Our Goal!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bangsa-merdeka-negara-merdeka-1948/) (1948 · Glittering generalities) - ["Proklamasi" Indonesia 17-8-45 Merdeka! Ulang Tahun ke 3 Kemerdekaan (Proclamation, Indonesia, 17-8-45, Free! Third Anniversary of Independence), Republican poster photographed at Sidikalang](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/proklamasi-third-anniversary-poster-1948/) (Aug 17, 1948 · Glittering generalities) - [Kaoem Boeroeh dan Kaoem-Tani dari segala Bangsa dan Agama Bersatoelah!!! (Workers and Peasants of All Nations and Religions, Unite!!!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kaoem-boeroeh-kaoem-tani-bersatoelah-1949/) (Jan 1949 · Plain folks, Glittering generalities) - [Ingat! Inilah Irian Barat kita jang masih didjadjah Belanda (Remember! This Is Our West Irian, Still Colonised by the Dutch)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ingat-irian-barat-kita-1957/) (1957 · Card stacking). Content note: Poster showing a soldier in camouflage kicking a barefoot man on a map. ### Democratic Republic of Vietnam (4) - [À qui le crime profite-t-il? (Viet Minh leaflet on the back of a French Indochina one-piastre note, 1948)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/viet-minh-piastre-leaflet-1948/) (1948 · Scapegoating, Transfer) - [Việt-Xô-Trung đoàn kết (Democratic Republic of Vietnam 100-dong stamp, 1954)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/drv-stamp-viet-xo-trung-1954/) (1954 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [Hanoi in English: a defector's recorded letter to 'his colored buddies', 23 June 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hanoi-radio-nolan-black-gis-letter-1968/) (Jun 23, 1968 · Testimonial). Content note: Wartime broadcast text addressed to Black U.S. soldiers by race, using period terms such as 'colored', and alleging atrocities. - [Hanoi in English: 'Comments on America's Independence Day', 3 July 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hanoi-radio-jackson-fourth-of-july-1968/) (Jul 3, 1968 · Testimonial, Transfer). Content note: Wartime broadcast text urging U.S. troops to refuse orders, with accusations of genocide and racism against the U.S. government. ### Kingdom of Greece (4) - [Έλληνες προσοχή! Όσοι αγαπούν αληθινά την Ελλάδα ψηφίζουν Λαϊκόν Κόμμα (Greeks, beware! Those who truly love Greece vote Populist Party)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ellines-prosochi-laikon-komma-poster-1946/) (1946 · Identity fusion) - [Σοσιαλδημοκρατία: Μερικοί που ζητούν την ψήφο σου σ' εκυβέρνησαν (Social democracy: some who ask for your vote have ruled you)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sosialdimokratia-election-poster-1946/) (1946 · Semantic hijacking, Scapegoating). Content note: Drawn scenes of shootings, bodies, explosions and starving people, as printed. - [Ψηφοδέλτιον Βασιλεύς Γεώργιος Β΄ / Αυτό τρέμουν... αυτό ψήφισε ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ (King George II's ballot: this is what they fear, vote the KING)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vasilea-avto-tremoun-referendum-poster-1946/) (1946 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Caricature of political opponents as a figure marked 'KK' and a green-faced man with a bloodied dagger. - [Εθνική εξόρμηση για την Εργασία και τη Νίκη: 21 Μαρτίου 1949, Ημέρα του Αγρότου (National Campaign for Work and Victory: Farmers' Day)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ethniki-exormisi-ergasia-nike-imera-agrotou-1949/) (Mar 21, 1949 · Glittering generalities) ### Egypt (3) - [FBIS Daily Report: Cairo MENA on a Syrian 'plan' to cause political disorder (28 Sep 1978)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-cairo-syria-disorder-plan-1978/) (Sep 27, 1978 · Narrative laundering) - [Cairo Governorate portrait boards of Sadat and Carter (1979)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cairo-governorate-sadat-carter-portrait-boards-1979/) (1979 · Transfer) - [State Information Service billboard 'A durable peace based on justice is our aim' (Cairo, 1979)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/egypt-sis-durable-peace-billboard-cairo-1979/) (Mar 8, 1979 · Glittering generalities) ### Portugal (3) - [C.D.E. - a força do trabalho: direito à greve, direito à luta (C.D.E., the strength of labour: right to strike, right to struggle)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cde-forca-do-trabalho-poster-1969/) (1969 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - [Por um Portugal livre: paz, liberdade, abaixo a censura (For a free Portugal: peace, freedom, down with censorship)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cde-setubal-por-um-portugal-livre-postcard-1969/) (1969 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - [Partido Socialista posters on a Lisbon building front, early 1975](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/partido-socialista-posters-lisbon-1975/) (1975 · Glittering generalities) ### Spain (3) - ["Garantía de la paz, garantía del futuro": Spain's national referendum poster, 1966](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/franco-referendum-garantia-de-la-paz-1966/) (1966 · Glittering generalities) - [Bando del Ayuntamiento de Cobeja: S.E. el Jefe del Estado, Generalísimo Franco, pasará por Olías del Rey (1971)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bando-cobeja-paso-de-franco-1971/) (Jul 17, 1971 · Manufactured consensus, Bandwagon) - [Franco's tomb before the high altar, Valley of the Fallen (photograph, 2005)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/franco-tomb-valle-de-los-caidos-1975/) (1975 · Transfer). Content note: Photograph of Franco's tomb in the basilica of the Valley of the Fallen, a monument built in part by prisoners' labour; its place in Spanish memory is disputed. ### West Germany (3) - ["Halt den Schiebern! Keine Waren für die sowjetische Rüstung": sign beside the zonal-border railway, 1952](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/west-halt-den-schiebern-zonengrenze-1952/) (1952 · Name-calling) - ["Denkt an Ungarn: Seid wachsam!" CDU poster, 1957 Bundestag election](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cdu-denkt-an-ungarn-1957/) (1957 · Fear appeal, Transfer) - ["Macht das Tor auf": Brandenburg Gate model at the inner-German border, east of Lübeck](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/macht-das-tor-auf-border-gate-1962/) (Nov 1962 · Transfer) ### Bulgaria (2) - [Преносно-превозни вести, 7 September 1957: Ninth of September greeting to "the fighters for PEACE" (Varna factory newspaper)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/prenosno-prevozni-vesti-9-septemvri-varna-1957/) (Sep 7, 1957 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - [Sofia Domestic Service, broadcast on Jaruzelski declaring martial law in Poland (Sofia, December 13, 1981; FBIS Daily Report, 14 December 1981)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sofia-radio-jaruzelski-martial-law-1981/) (Dec 14, 1981 · Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: Bulgarian state radio relaying the imposition of martial law in Poland; it labels Solidarity leaders 'extremist' and 'adventurers' and omits the internments. ### Cuba (2) - [Havana Domestic Service, Castro's May Day speech on the Peruvian embassy exodus ('lumpens', 'scum'), broadcast (Havana, May 1, 1980)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/castro-may-day-lumpen-scum-fbis-1980/) (May 1, 1980 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Contains a head of state's speech labelling people who sought to leave Cuba 'lumpens', 'thugs', 'delinquents' and 'scum', with the crowd chanting 'scum'. - [FBIS Daily Report: Havana International Service lines up foreign voices against Radio Marti](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/havana-radio-marti-reaction-fbis-1985/) (May 20, 1985 · Testimonial, Name-calling) ### Afghanistan (1) - [FBIS Daily Report: Kabul Domestic Service reads an Afghan trade-union message blaming 'world-devouring imperialism led by U.S. imperialism'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kabul-radio-workers-appeal-imperialism-fbis-1980/) (Jun 19, 1980 · Scapegoating, Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: State radio text blames 'world-devouring imperialism led by U.S. imperialism' and 'mercenary classes' for opposition to the government. ### Argentina (1) - ["Perón cumple, Evita dignifica": the CGT tower, Buenos Aires, 1953](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/peron-cumple-evita-dignifica-cgt-tower-1953/) (Dec 1953 · Glittering generalities) ### Belgium (1) - ["Vous l'aimez votre pays": Communist Party of Belgium election poster, Brussels](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/belgian-communist-votez-555-1968/) (Mar 18, 1968 · Glittering generalities, Plain folks) ### Ethiopia (1) - [FBIS Daily Report: Addis Ababa Domestic Service on the founding congress of the Workers Party of Ethiopia and the decree dissolving COPWE](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/addis-ababa-radio-wpe-congress-fbis-1984/) (Sep 11, 1984 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) ### Grenada (1) - [FBIS Daily Report: Radio Free Grenada bulletins on the expected invasion, including 'Jamaican Invasion Plans Diversion'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/radio-free-grenada-invasion-diversion-bulletin-1983/) (Oct 24, 1983 · Testimonial, Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: Radio bulletins on the eve of the 25 October 1983 invasion describe it as 'U.S. imperialism' action; the page does not mention the 19 October killings of Maurice Bishop. ### Kenya Colony (1) - [Kenya Government Surrender Pass for Mau Mau Fighters (1955)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kenya-mau-mau-surrender-pass-1955/) (1955 · Card stacking, Testimonial) ### Korea Under Us Military Government (1) - [총선거 5월 10일 (General Election, May 10): 총선거로 독립문은 열린다 (The General Election Opens the Independence Gate)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/general-election-may-10-poster-south-korea-1948/) (1948 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) ### Libya (1) - [Tripoli radio on the Gulf of Sidra incident ('terrorist Ronald Reagan'), FBIS Daily Report, 21 August 1981](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tripoli-radio-gulf-of-sidra-reagan-terrorist-1981/) (Aug 21, 1981 · Name-calling, Bandwagon). Content note: State radio calling the U.S. President 'terrorist Ronald Reagan' and 'the leader of terrorism' after the Gulf of Sidra air battle, with reported crowds declaring readiness 'to respond to the call for death'. ### New Zealand (1) - [Apartheid Kills: Stop the Tour, Day of Shame (Wellington protest poster, 1981)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/apartheid-kills-stop-the-tour-wellington-1981/) (Jul 1981 · Bandwagon, Name-calling) ### Nicaragua (1) - ["No vamos a aceptar... que la bandera Roja y Negra claudique": billboard, León, Nicaragua](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fsln-red-and-black-flag-negotiation-billboard-leon-1988/) (Mar 4, 1988 · Identity fusion, Transfer) ### Peoples Republic of The Congo (1) - [Laissez-Passer of the People's Republic of the Congo, Stanleyville (1964)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/stanleyville-laissez-passer-lumumba-1964/) (1964 · Transfer) ### Peru (1) - [Día de la Dignidad Nacional: Recuperación de La Brea y Pariñas (Peruvian stamp, 2.50 soles)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/peru-dia-dignidad-nacional-brea-parinas-stamp-1969/) (1969 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) ### Rhodesia (1) - [Reserve Bank of Rhodesia ten-dollar note, reverse with Great Zimbabwe (1979)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rhodesia-10-dollar-great-zimbabwe-1979/) (1979 · Transfer) ### Somalia (1) - [Barre Cult of Personality Mural](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/siad-barre-mural-1976/) (1976 · Identity fusion, Transfer) ### South Korea (1) - ['Japan's pro-communist policy: let us smash it!' (日本의容共政策을粉碎하자): school banners at a rally, South Korea](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/smash-japans-yonggong-policy-rally-1955/) (May 23, 1955 · Name-calling) ### State of Vietnam (1) - [Công dụng duy nhứt của giấy bạc Hồ-Chí-Minh (The Only Use of Ho Chi Minh's Banknote), leaflet imitating a 50-dong note](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cong-dung-duy-nhut-giay-bac-ho-chi-minh-1951/) (1951 · Name-calling, Transfer) ### Syria (1) - [FBIS Daily Report: Damascus Domestic Service on the 'treasonous Camp David agreements' (28 Sep 1978)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-damascus-camp-david-treasonous-1978/) (Sep 27, 1978 · Name-calling). Content note: Syrian state radio calls the Camp David Accords 'treasonous' and Sadat's policy 'capitulationist'. ### Taiwan (1) - ["三民主義統一中國" (Three Principles of the People Unites China): sign on Dadan, Kinmen](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kinmen-three-principles-unites-china-sign-1986/) (Aug 1986 · Glittering generalities) ### Yugoslavia (1) - ["Delavci, tovarne so vaša last!" (Workers, the factories are your property!), workers' council election poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/delavci-tovarne-so-vasa-last-yugoslavia-1951/) (1951 · Glittering generalities) ## How the sides differed The methods overlap, but the settings differ. In the Soviet Union one party controlled the press, broadcasting and schooling, and it jammed foreign radio; in the United States a press outside government also operated, and Congress and journalists exposed the RFE funding and the FBI's press placements. Forged or falsely attributed material is documented on both sides: the KGB's Klan letters, and FBI mailings written as if from members of the groups it targeted ([COINTELPRO: the FBI's covert media and information operations against U.S. groups, 1956-1971](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cointelpro-media-operations/)). The U.S. cases above also involve concealed sponsorship, selective evidence and, in Radio Swan, a covert broadcast under a cover company. Neither side's conduct excuses the other's: each case is judged by its own method. ## Sources 1. U.S. Department of State. "USIA's History at a Glance." *State Magazine*, September 1999. https://1997-2001.state.gov/publications/statemag/statemag_sept99/featxt1a.html ; National Archives. "Records of the United States Information Agency (RG 306)." https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-306 ; Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5a-node35-leaf92&num=0&edition=prelim 2. Britannica. "Voice of America (VOA)." https://www.britannica.com/topic/Voice-of-America ; Smith-Mundt Act (1948): Congressional Research Service. *U.S. Public Diplomacy: Legislative Proposals to Amend Prohibitions on Disseminating Materials to Domestic Audiences*, R42754. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R42754.html 3. Johnson, A. R. (2010). *Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond*. Woodrow Wilson Center Press / Stanford University Press. https://gbv.wilsoncenter.org/book/radio-free-europe-and-radio-liberty-the-cia-years-and-beyond ; Cummings, R. H. (2010). *Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom"*. McFarland. 4. Koch, J. A. (1973). *The Chieu Hoi Program in South Vietnam, 1963-1971*. RAND R-1172-ARPA. https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R1172.html 5. Weathersby, K., & Leitenberg, M. (1998). New evidence on the Korean War. *Cold War International History Project Bulletin*, 11. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/cwihp-bulletin-11 6. Endicott, S., & Hagerman, E. (2001). Twelve newly released Soviet-era "documents" and allegations of U.S. germ warfare during the Korean War. *Asian Perspective*, 25(1), 249-257. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/784903 7. Britannica. "Radio: broadcasting in continental Europe." https://www.britannica.com/topic/radio/Continental-Europe 8. Central Intelligence Agency (1984, 17 July). *Alleged KKK Death Threats to Third World Olympic Athletes: A Soviet Active Measure*. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85t00287r001400750001-6 9. Andrew, C., & Mitrokhin, V. (1999). *The Sword and the Shield*. New York: Basic Books. 10. Boghardt, T. (2009). Soviet Bloc intelligence and its AIDS disinformation campaign. *Studies in Intelligence*, 53(4). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/volume-53-no-4/soviet-bloc-intelligence-and-its-aids-disinformation-campaign 11. Selvage, D. (2019). Operation "Denver": The East German Ministry of State Security and the KGB's AIDS disinformation campaign, 1985-1986 (Part 1). *Journal of Cold War Studies*, 21(4), 71-123. https://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article/21/4/71/13815/Operation-Denver-The-East-German-Ministry-of-State