---
title: 'Cultural Revolution struggle sessions: origins, labels and the Party''s later verdict'
url: https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/
description: 'What struggle sessions were: 1946-52 land reform, 1966-68 Red Guard use, and the 1980-81 Party verdict, with posters and quoted sources shown.'
section: FRAME
---

![Illustration: a dossier collage of an evidence wall of pinned propaganda posters, leaflets and printed matter from many eras, with contact sheets and catalog labels.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/hero-collection.jpg)

Collection

# Cultural Revolution struggle sessions: origins, labels and the Party's later verdict

What struggle sessions were: 1946-52 land reform, 1966-68 Red Guard use, and the 1980-81 Party verdict, with posters and quoted sources shown.

1. [Home](https://propagandaarchive.org/)
2. [Collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/)
3. Struggle sessions

[![中共土改真相 大陸農民厄運 (The Real Story of Red China's Land Reform: Misfortune of the Mainland Peasants), U.S. photo poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/real-story-red-china-land-reform-usia-poster-1952-640.jpg)中共土改真相 大陸農民厄運 (The Real Story of Red China's Land Reform: Misfortune of the Mainland Peasants), U.S. photo poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/real-story-red-china-land-reform-usia-poster-1952/) [!["毛主席第七次检阅文化革命大军" (Chairman Mao reviews the great army of the Cultural Revolution for the seventh time), woven silk picture](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/mao-zhou-lin-silk-picture-seventh-review-1966-640.jpg)"毛主席第七次检阅文化革命大军" (Chairman Mao reviews the great army of the Cultural Revolution for the seventh time), woven silk picture](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mao-zhou-lin-silk-picture-seventh-review-1966/) [!["团结起来 争取更大的胜利" (Unite, strive for even greater victories), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/unite-for-greater-victories-poster-china-1974-640.jpg)"团结起来 争取更大的胜利" (Unite, strive for even greater victories), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unite-for-greater-victories-poster-china-1974/) [!["连队理论小组" (Company theory study group), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/company-theory-study-group-poster-china-1975-640.jpg)"连队理论小组" (Company theory study group), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/company-theory-study-group-poster-china-1975/) [!["批判资产阶级法权思想，全心全意为人民服务！" (Criticize bourgeois-right thinking, serve the people wholeheartedly), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/criticize-bourgeois-right-serve-the-people-poster-china-1976-640.jpg)"批判资产阶级法权思想，全心全意为人民服务！" (Criticize bourgeois-right thinking, serve the people wholeheartedly), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/criticize-bourgeois-right-serve-the-people-poster-china-1976/) [!["打倒王张江姚…" (Down with Wang, Zhang, Jiang, Yao...), wall slogan at Dazhai, Shanxi](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/down-with-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-wall-slogan-dazhai-1977-640.jpg)"打倒王张江姚…" (Down with Wang, Zhang, Jiang, Yao...), wall slogan at Dazhai, Shanxi](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/down-with-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-wall-slogan-dazhai-1977/)

> **Content note.** This page describes mass meetings at which people were denounced, beaten and in some cases killed, in China in 1946-52 and 1966-68, and it quotes the labels and orders that were used against them. The labels are quoted as evidence of the method, not as this archive's description of anyone. The collection holds no photograph of a struggle session in the Cultural Revolution. The images below are posters, slogans, wall posters and later photographs of other events, and each caption says what it is. One US government poster from 1952 carries photographs of a people's court; it is shown as issued, with its claims attributed to it.

[What is a struggle session?](https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/#what-is-a-struggle-session) [Where did struggle sessions come from?](https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/#where-did-struggle-sessions-come-from) [How were struggle sessions used in 1966 to 1968?](https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/#how-were-struggle-sessions-used-in-1966-to-1968) [Who was targeted, and what labels were used?](https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/#who-was-targeted-and-what-labels-were-used) [What about dunce caps and other public humiliation?](https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/#what-about-dunce-caps-and-other-public-humiliation) [How many people were killed or persecuted?](https://propagandaarchive.org/cultural-revolution-struggle-sessions/#how-many-people-were-killed-or-persecuted)

## What is a struggle session?

A struggle session (斗争, *douzheng*; the repo's sources also call it a "struggle meeting") was a mass meeting at which a named person stood before a crowd and was accused of belonging to a disfavoured class or camp. The Cultural Revolution case study describes it as one where "a target stands bowed before a crowd shouting accusations". The method was used in two main periods. In land reform from 1946 to 1952 it was applied to households labelled "landlord". In 1966 to 1968 it was applied to teachers, officials and others labelled "ox-demons and snake-spirits" or "capitalist roaders". The labels named kinds of people, not acts.

Explain moreShow less

The collection has 6,705 object entries. A whole-word search of their titles, captions and notes for "struggle session" or "struggle meeting" finds none (search run for this page). So the pictures here are propaganda objects and later photographs. They do not show sessions. They show the labels, slogans and verdicts that surrounded them.

## Where did struggle sessions come from?

The land reform case study traces the sequence. In October 1933 in the Jiangxi Soviet, Mao's "How to Differentiate the Classes in the Rural Areas" set out a formula that sorted rural households into landlord, rich peasant, middle peasant, poor peasant and worker by the share of income drawn from rent, hired labour or moneylending. On 4 May 1946 the Central Committee's "May Fourth Directive" moved base-area policy to confiscating and redistributing landlord land. Work teams then held "speak bitterness" meetings and struggle sessions, at which the accused was denounced and often beaten, and land, grain and tools were confiscated on the spot (Hinton, *Fanshen*, 1966, as cited there).

![Eight numbered black-and-white photographs of a crowded outdoor people's court, a man shot, and bodies, under Chinese headlines](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/real-story-red-china-land-reform-usia-poster-1952.jpg)

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The quotes data holds an earlier statement by Mao on violence against landlords and gentry, from his 1927 Hunan report (not cited in the case study). Quoted from the Mao quotes data (status: verified; Foreign Languages Press official English translation; *Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan*, March 1927):

> "To put it bluntly, it is necessary to create terror for a while in every rural area, or otherwise it would be impossible to suppress the activities of the counter-revolutionaries in the countryside or overthrow the authority of the gentry. Proper limits have to be exceeded in order to right a wrong, or else the wrong cannot be righted."

In February and March 1948, Central Committee and Mao directives acknowledged "indiscriminate beating and killing" (乱打乱杀) and tried to correct it. The Agrarian Reform Law followed on 30 June 1950, and land reform was declared "basically complete" across most of mainland China by late 1952. The class labels outlived the campaign. The Central Committee decided in January 1979 to remove the "landlord" and "rich peasant" labels from households and descendants. Death-toll estimates for land reform are disputed. The case study sets out Rummel's roughly 4.5 million, Meisner's cited range of 1 to 2 million, and Dikötter's broadly similar range, and says all three are contested.

This is a US State Department/USIA photo poster from the National Archives series "Propaganda Posters Distributed in Asia" (RG 306, NAID 5730064), headed "The Real Story of Red China's Land Reform". Its printed text says the eight photographs show a people's court in Fogang County, Guangdong, on 23 July 1952, at which eleven men classed as landlords were shot. Those are the poster's own claims and are not independently verified here. The entry tags it card-stacking: one county, one day and one photo series stand for a whole programme. It is the only photographic material on this page that shows a people's court, and it is one side's own campaign document. [Read the technique: card-stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/). Full case study: [Land reform and the struggle session](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/land-reform-struggle-sessions-1946-1952/).

## How were struggle sessions used in 1966 to 1968?

The big-character poster case study gives the sequence. On 25 May 1966 Nie Yuanzi and colleagues at Peking University put up a handwritten wall poster. On 1 June it was read on national radio, and a *People's Daily* editorial, "Sweep Away All Ox-Demons and Snake-Spirits", supplied the vocabulary. In June and July, work teams tried to keep campus movements under Party control, and "posters, 'black gang' labels and struggle meetings ... spread through schools". On 5 August 1966, students at a Beijing girls' middle school beat their deputy principal, Bian Zhongyun, to death.

![A wall covered with handwritten big-character posters in Beijing with passers-by on bicycles](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/crbcp-dazibao-wall-beijing-1976.jpg)

![Woven silk picture of Mao at a Tiananmen rostrum between Zhou Enlai and Lin Biao, each holding a small red book](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/mao-zhou-lin-silk-picture-seventh-review-1966.jpg)

![Column of demonstrators in Hong Kong raising small red books beside the Bank of China building](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/red-guards-youth-mobilization-hong-kong-march-1967.jpg)

Explain moreShow less

A photograph of big-character posters on a Beijing wall, 22 August 1976 (Heinz Bunse, CC BY-SA 2.0, cropped by FRAME). It dates from 1976, not 1966, and shows the form: a public wall of handwritten sheets anyone could read and add to. [Case study: big-character posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cultural-revolution-big-character-posters/).

Mao's own poster of 5 August 1966 is quoted from the Mao quotes data (status: verified; translation from *Peking Review*, no. 33, 3 November 1967; "Bombard the Headquarters - My First Big-Character Poster", 5 August 1966):

> "Adopting the reactionary stand of the bourgeoisie, they have enforced a bourgeois dictatorship and struck down the surging movement of the great cultural revolution of the proletariat. They have stood facts on their head and juggled black and white, encircled and suppressed revolutionaries, stifled opinions differing from their own, imposed a white terror, and felt very pleased with themselves."

The 8 August "16 Points" named the main target as "those within the Party who are in authority and are taking the capitalist road". They also said debate "should be conducted by reasoning, not by coercion or force". The case study records that from 18 August Mao reviewed Red Guards at eight mass rallies in Tiananmen Square, and that in Beijing at least 1,772 people were killed in August and September 1966, according to MacFarquhar and Schoenhals.

A woven silk picture from the Hangzhou Dongfanghong Silk Weaving Factory, titled "Chairman Mao reviews the great army of the Cultural Revolution for the seventh time", and so set in the autumn 1966 series of Red Guard receptions. The entry tags it transfer and cult of personality: a press photograph turned into a keepsake that keeps the leader at the centre of the frame. [Read the technique: cult of personality](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/cult-of-personality/).

Demonstrators in Hong Kong on 20 May 1967 raising small red books (Roger W, CC BY-SA 2.0). This was taken in Hong Kong, not on the mainland, during the 1967 disturbances. It is shown for the Red Guard period's visual form, not as a session. [Case study: Red Guards](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/red-guards-youth-mobilization/).

## Who was targeted, and what labels were used?

The case study records that "ox-demons and snake-spirits", "black gang", "capitalist roader" and "China's Khrushchev" arrived before any stated charge. In 1967 Qi Benyu's *Red Flag* article attacked "the top Party person in authority taking the capitalist road", read everywhere as Liu Shaoqi. On 5 August 1967 Liu and his wife Wang Guangmei were subjected to a struggle meeting inside the Zhongnanhai leadership compound. In October 1968 the Twelfth Plenum expelled Liu from the Party "once and for all", and he died in detention in Kaifeng on 12 November 1969.

![Red Guard slogan painted on the Fudan University campus, Shanghai, reading Defend the Party Central Committee with blood and life, defend Chairman Mao with blood and life](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/crbcp-fudan-red-guard-slogan-1976.jpg)

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Lin Biao's report to the Ninth Party Congress is quoted from the Lin Biao quotes data (status: verified; Foreign Languages Press translation; 1 April 1969):

> "Now it has been proved through investigation that Liu Shao-chi betrayed the Party, capitulated to the enemy and became a hidden traitor and scab as far back as the First Revolutionary Civil War period, that he was a crime-steeped lackey of the imperialists, modern revisionists and Kuomintang reactionaries and that he was the arch-representative of the persons in power taking the capitalist road."

The Party reversed that verdict in 1980. Both labels are tagged [name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/) in the archive, and the method is also [scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/) when a category is blamed for failures with many causes.

A loyalty slogan at Fudan University, Shanghai, spring 1976 (public domain, Wikimedia user Villa Giulia). It dates from the end of the Cultural Revolution and is shown for the form of the slogan. [Read the technique: bandwagon](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/bandwagon/).

## What about dunce caps and other public humiliation?

This archive does not describe dunce caps, placards worn by victims, or particular humiliations beyond what its case studies cite, because those sources do not cover them. The repo files cite these forms of public humiliation: the "stands bowed before a crowd shouting accusations" struggle meeting, the beating and killing recorded at schools and in land reform, and the staged struggle meeting against Liu Shaoqi and Wang Guangmei in 1967. The big-character poster case study records that it found no openly licensed photographs of struggle meetings, and that photographs of identifiable victims would also raise dignity concerns. Searches for "cultural revolution public humiliation" will mostly find photographs that this archive does not hold.

## How many people were killed or persecuted?

The case study gives the scholarly estimates it cites. Walder and Su (2003), using 1,520 county annals, estimate 750,000 to 1.5 million deaths in rural China. Walder (2014) estimates 1.1 to 1.6 million deaths and 22 to 30 million victims of political persecution for 1966-71. Both find that most deaths came in 1968-71, during the repression that rebuilt state authority, not in the 1966 poster phase. Red Guard factional fighting in 1967-68 is estimated to have killed thousands, and the Tsinghua University "27 July Incident" of 1968 killed five workers, according to the Red Guards case study. How far the 1966 labels caused later killings, as opposed to supplying their vocabulary, is described there as a matter of interpretation.

![A company-level study group of soldiers round a table, with a blackboard line about the Confucian-Legalist struggle in history](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/company-theory-study-group-poster-china-1975.jpg)

![Citizens in army, worker and cadre dress and regional costumes walking toward the viewer in front of a state building bearing a Mao portrait](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/unite-for-greater-victories-poster-china-1974.jpg)

![A framed Mao portrait on the wall above a household of singing and clapping people in regional dress](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/we-never-stop-praising-mao-thought-poster-xinjiang-1973.jpg)

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A 1975 Shanghai poster from the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius period (1973-76). The campaign read Chinese history as a struggle between Confucian and Legalist camps and applied it to current politics, per the entry's notes. It shows study as routine and does not show what was discussed. Tagged transfer and glittering generalities.

A 1974 Shanghai poster, "Unite, strive for even greater victories". Unanimity is the picture's argument: every group walks one way under one portrait. Tagged bandwagon and transfer. [Read the technique: transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/).

A 1973 Xinjiang poster, "We never stop praising the thoughts of our Chairman Mao" (museum title). The entry notes it scores only the composition and makes no claim about the household it depicts. Tagged transfer, bandwagon and cult of personality.

## How did the Party end the Cultural Revolution's verdicts?

After Mao died on 9 September 1976, the Politburo arrested the four leaders later called the Gang of Four in October. A street-level form of that campaign is recorded in a photograph taken in August 1977.

![Black characters painted on a brick wall reading Down with Wang, Zhang, Jiang, Yao, with a donkey cart and a truck passing](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/down-with-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-wall-slogan-dazhai-1977.jpg)

![Deng Xiaoping touring NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston on 2 February 1979](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/boluan-fanzheng-deng-jsc-1979.jpg)

![Deng Xiaoping speaking at a lectern on the White House lawn with President Carter standing behind him](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/party-resolution-1981-verdict-on-mao-deng-carter-1979.jpg)

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A wall slogan at Dazhai, Shanxi, photographed by Hans-Peter Bärtschi in August 1977 (ETH-Bibliothek). Surnames plus a collective label for public denunciation is the name-calling tell, now aimed at the group that had been in power. The entry scores only the slogan. The archive applies the same definition here as to the 1966 labels. Compare [Gang of Four arrest and trial propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/gang-of-four-arrest-and-trial-propaganda/).

The boluan fanzheng case study records that from December 1977 Hu Yaobang's Organization Department began a systematic, case-by-case review of verdicts against officials purged in the Cultural Revolution and earlier. "Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth" appeared in *Guangming Daily* on 11 May 1978, and the Third Plenum of 18-22 December 1978 made Deng Xiaoping paramount leader. The Fifth Plenum rehabilitated Liu Shaoqi in February 1980.

Deng Xiaoping at NASA's Johnson Space Center, 2 February 1979 (NASA, public domain). The case study shows it for the foreign reception that followed the Third Plenum, not for the internal party debate. [Case study: Boluan fanzheng](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/boluan-fanzheng-repudiation-of-cultural-revolution/).

Deng Xiaoping at the White House arrival ceremony, 29 January 1979 (National Archives, public domain). The case study notes it predates the drafting of the 1981 resolution by about fourteen months and does not show the drafting.

## What did the Party's 1981 verdict say?

The Sixth Plenum of the 11th Central Committee adopted the "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China" on 27 June 1981. It states that the Cultural Revolution "was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the state, and the people since the founding of the People's Republic". It also judged that Mao's merits were primary and his errors secondary, and it concentrated blame for the worst abuses on the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing cliques. The case study notes the popular "70% right, 30% wrong" ratio does not appear in the text. It also notes the resolution names no death toll and no individual victim in its central verdict.

![An outdoor wall at the Cultural Revolution Museum in Shantou inscribed in Chinese with a sentence from the 1981 resolution](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/party-resolution-1981-verdict-on-mao-shantou-museum-wall.jpg)

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A wall at the Cultural Revolution Museum in Shantou, Guangdong, photographed on 12 June 2014 (Yangziyuan, CC BY-SA 3.0), inscribed with a sentence from the 1981 resolution. [Case study: the 1981 resolution](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/party-resolution-1981-verdict-on-mao/).

## Which quotations are not used here?

The quotes data for Mao Zedong (the Mao quotes data) lists lines the archive rejected as unverifiable. One is the remark that "it is better to let half the people die so that the other half can eat their fill", attributed to a March 1959 meeting; the file says it was not found in the 1959 talks reproduced in *Selected Works* vol. 8 and is reported only in secondary accounts. Another is the nuclear-war remark attributed to 1957. The Jiang Qing file rejects "I was Chairman Mao's dog. Whomever he told me to bite, I bit" as widely quoted but unverifiable, because no primary record of the trial was accessible. None of these is used on this page. All verified quotes are on the quotes index.

## How do the 1966 sessions compare with other cases?

The land reform case study applies the same test, category over act, to other systems. It sets China's classification campaign against the French Law of Suspects (1793) and the US confinement of about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry in 1942, and states that the scale and consequences differ enormously. The big-character poster case study compares the 1966 labels with US loyalty-security sanctions of the 1950s, which were mostly dismissal, blacklisting and passport denial, and says: "Same technique; very different order of harm." The technique definitions are the same for every side.

## Browse

- [Chinese propaganda posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/chinese-propaganda-posters/) for the wider Chinese collection.
- [Communist propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/communist-propaganda/) and [Stalin propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/stalin-propaganda/) for comparable class-label campaigns elsewhere.
- [The People's Republic of China under Mao](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/peoples-republic-of-china-mao/).
- Case studies: [land reform](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/land-reform-struggle-sessions-1946-1952/), [big-character posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cultural-revolution-big-character-posters/), [Red Guards](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/red-guards-youth-mobilization/), [boluan fanzheng](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/boluan-fanzheng-repudiation-of-cultural-revolution/), [the 1981 resolution](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/party-resolution-1981-verdict-on-mao/).
- Techniques: [name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/), [scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/), [identity fusion](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/identity-fusion/), [fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/), [euphemism](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/euphemism/).

Sources and further reading

## Sources and rights

The factual statements on this page are taken from the repo's case studies and regime page listed under Browse, which carry the…

The factual statements on this page are taken from the repo's case studies and regime page listed under Browse, which carry the full citations (Hinton 1966; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals 2006; Walder and Su 2003; Walder 2014; Hartford and Goldstein 1989; DeMare 2019; Dikötter 2013). Quotations come from the Mao quotes data and the Lin Biao quotes data, status verified, with translator and source as shown. The 1952 USIA poster is a US federal government work (public domain); the Shanghai, Hangzhou and Xinjiang posters are held by a museum collection that the entries credit, with licence notes on each entry; the Beijing 1976, Hong Kong 1967, Shantou 2014 and other photographs carry the licences stated in their captions. No licensed or permission-restricted photograph of a struggle session is hosted, and the case studies record that none was found openly licensed. The archive applies the same definitions to every side. Showing an object is not endorsing it.

## Chinese land reform and Cultural Revolution-era objects in the collection

Showing 9 of 9 objects. [Filter the whole collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/).

- [中共土改真相 大陸農民厄運 (The Real Story of Red China's Land Reform: Misfortune of the Mainland Peasants), U.S. photo poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/real-story-red-china-land-reform-usia-poster-1952/) (United States · 1952 · Card stacking). Content note: Eight photographs of a public trial in Guangdong, including a kneeling man about to be shot and bodies lying on a riverbed.
- ["毛主席第七次检阅文化革命大军" (Chairman Mao reviews the great army of the Cultural Revolution for the seventh time), woven silk picture](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mao-zhou-lin-silk-picture-seventh-review-1966/) (China · 1966 · Transfer, Cult of personality)
- ["We never stop praising the thoughts of our Chairman Mao" (museum title), Xinjiang poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/we-never-stop-praising-mao-thought-poster-xinjiang-1973/) (China · 1973 · Transfer, Bandwagon, Cult of personality)
- ["团结起来 争取更大的胜利" (Unite, strive for even greater victories), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unite-for-greater-victories-poster-china-1974/) (China · 1974 · Bandwagon, Transfer)
- ["连队理论小组" (Company theory study group), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/company-theory-study-group-poster-china-1975/) (China · 1975 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- ["各族人民心向党" (The peoples of all nationalities turn their hearts to the Party), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/all-peoples-hearts-turn-to-the-party-poster-china-1976/) (China · 1976 · Transfer, Bandwagon)
- ["批判资产阶级法权思想，全心全意为人民服务！" (Criticize bourgeois-right thinking, serve the people wholeheartedly), Shanghai poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/criticize-bourgeois-right-serve-the-people-poster-china-1976/) (China · 1976 · Glittering generalities)
- [中共中央通知 中发〔1976〕16号 (CCP Central Committee Notice, Zhongfa \[1976\] No. 16), first page](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zhongfa-16-notice-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-clique-1976/) (China · Oct 18, 1976 · Name-calling, Transfer, Loaded language, Guilt by association)
- ["打倒王张江姚…" (Down with Wang, Zhang, Jiang, Yao...), wall slogan at Dazhai, Shanxi](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/down-with-wang-zhang-jiang-yao-wall-slogan-dazhai-1977/) (China · Aug 1977 · Name-calling)