--- title: 'Joseph Goebbels: who he was and what the propaganda ministry did' url: https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/ description: Who Joseph Goebbels was, the offices he held 1926 to 1945, what the Reich Propaganda Ministry did, and the 'big lie' attribution, with 14 archive images. section: FRAME --- ![Illustration: a dossier collage of an evidence wall of pinned propaganda posters, leaflets and printed matter from many eras, with contact sheets and catalog labels.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/hero-collection.jpg) Collection # Joseph Goebbels: who he was and what the propaganda ministry did Who Joseph Goebbels was, the offices he held 1926 to 1945, what the Reich Propaganda Ministry did, and the 'big lie' attribution, with 14 archive images. 1. [Home](https://propagandaarchive.org/) 2. [Collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/) 3. Joseph Goebbels [![Die Kundgebungen des Führers (Völkischer Beobachter, 25/26 February 1933)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/voelkischer-beobachter-kundgebungen-des-fuehrers-1933-640.jpg)Die Kundgebungen des Führers (Völkischer Beobachter, 25/26 February 1933)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/voelkischer-beobachter-kundgebungen-des-fuehrers-1933/) [![Entartete Kunst: Ausstellung der NSDAP im Haus der Kunst am Königsplatz (poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/entartete-kunst-plakat-karten-hier-1938-640.jpg)Entartete Kunst: Ausstellung der NSDAP im Haus der Kunst am Königsplatz (poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/entartete-kunst-plakat-karten-hier-1938/) [![What Is an "Aryan"? He Is Handsome as Goebbels](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/us-what-is-an-aryan-1941-640.jpg)What Is an "Aryan"? He Is Handsome as Goebbels](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/us-what-is-an-aryan-1941/) [!['Wer hatte recht?' ('Who was right?') (Allied leaflet to Germany)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/wer-hatte-recht-raf-leaflet-1943-640.jpg)'Wer hatte recht?' ('Who was right?') (Allied leaflet to Germany)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/wer-hatte-recht-raf-leaflet-1943/) [![Totaler Krieg – kürzester Krieg (Total War – Shortest War): the Sportpalast rally of 18 February 1943](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/sportpalast-total-war-speech-1943-640.jpg)Totaler Krieg – kürzester Krieg (Total War – Shortest War): the Sportpalast rally of 18 February 1943](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sportpalast-total-war-speech-1943/) [![Decoration of a Hitler Youth member, March 1945](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/hitler-youth-iron-cross-ceremony-1945-640.jpg)Decoration of a Hitler Youth member, March 1945](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hitler-youth-iron-cross-ceremony-1945/) > **Content note.** Goebbels's speeches, articles and ministry campaigns were antisemitic, and some of the objects below show or quote that material as it was issued. One Allied item caricatures him. They are shown as evidence of what the Nazi state told its public, not as endorsement, and the record of what followed is linked, not left out. [Who was Joseph Goebbels?](https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/#who-was-joseph-goebbels) [Which offices did Goebbels hold, and when?](https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/#which-offices-did-goebbels-hold-and-when) [What did the Reich Propaganda Ministry do?](https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/#what-did-the-reich-propaganda-ministry-do) [How did Goebbels use radio?](https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/#how-did-goebbels-use-radio) [What did Goebbels do about books, art and film?](https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/#what-did-goebbels-do-about-books-art-and-film) [What happened at the Sportpalast in February 1943?](https://propagandaarchive.org/joseph-goebbels/#what-happened-at-the-sportpalast-in-february-1943) ## Who was Joseph Goebbels? Joseph Goebbels (born 29 October 1897 in Rheydt) was the Nazi Party's propaganda chief from 1930 and, from 13 March 1933 until 1945, Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Through that ministry he controlled the press, radio, film, theatre and arts of Nazi Germany. He killed himself in Hitler's Berlin bunker on 1 May 1945. (Birth: Longerich, *Goebbels*, 2015. Other dates: this archive's regime, case-study and quote files.) ## Which offices did Goebbels hold, and when? - **1926:** Gauleiter (regional party leader) of Berlin for the NSDAP. - **1930:** head of party propaganda, running the party's election campaigns before 1933. - **13 March 1933:** minister of the new Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. He took office the next day and kept the party post, so state and party propaganda shared one head. Show all 6Show fewer - **22 September 1933:** head of the Reich Chamber of Culture, which licensed literature, press, radio, theatre, music, fine arts and film. - **25 July 1944:** Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War, after the 20 July bomb plot. - **29 April 1945:** named Reich Chancellor in Hitler's political testament, dictated that day (see [how Adolf Hitler died](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/endings/adolf-hitler/)). Hitler killed himself on 30 April; Goebbels and his wife died on 1 May, after their six children had been killed. ![Joseph Goebbels in 1933: head-and-shoulders photograph by Heinrich Hoffmann](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/images/nazi-germany/joseph-goebbels.jpg) **Content note:** Nazi party salute and regalia at the 1929 Nuremberg rally. This object is shown as it was published. [Why](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/#as-it-was) ![Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels and SA commander Franz Pfeffer von Salomon salute a crowd from an open car at the Nuremberg rally, 1929](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/nuremberg-rally-1929-hitler-goebbels-parade.jpg) Explain moreShow less Full accounts: the [doctrine page on the ministry](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/nazi-propaganda-ministry/), the [ministry case study](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/reich-propaganda-ministry/) and [Nazi Germany](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/nazi-germany/). Bundesarchiv portrait of Goebbels, 1933, the year the ministry was founded (Bild 146-1968-101-20A, photograph by Heinrich Hoffmann). Hitler, Goebbels and Franz Pfeffer von Salomon salute from an open car at the Nuremberg rally of 1 to 4 August 1929, four years before the ministry ([Nuremberg rallies, 1927 to 1933](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/nuremberg-rallies-origins-1927-1933/)). ## What did the Reich Propaganda Ministry do? Its decree gave it responsibility for "enlightening and propagandizing" the population about government policy. On 30 June 1933 a Hitler decree moved the press, radio, film, theatre, the arts and exhibitions into it from other ministries. It grew from about 350 staff to about 2,000 by 1939 (case study). ![The Propaganda Ministry building seen from Wilhelmplatz, Berlin, July 1936](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/reich-propaganda-ministry-building-1936.jpg) Explain moreShow less The Bundesarchiv caption (Bild 146-1993-020-32A, July 1936) gives the view from Wilhelmplatz. The ministry sat opposite the Reich Chancellery; an Allied air raid largely destroyed the building in March 1945. - **Licensing.** The Reich Chamber of Culture Law (22 September 1933) made membership a condition of working in the arts and press. Membership required proof of "Aryan" descent and political reliability, which excluded Jews and political opponents. The Editors Law (4 October 1933) did the same for editors. - **The daily line.** From 1 July 1933 selected journalists received daily instructions at a Reich press conference on what to report, how prominently and what to leave out. - **One news source.** On 5 December 1933 the two largest news agencies were merged into the state-owned Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro. - **Limits.** Historians cited in the case study find that propaganda worked best when it reinforced existing beliefs and worst when it contradicted what people could see, as with the air raids. ## How did Goebbels use radio? Before he was a minister he was a radio voice. A Völkischer Beobachter notice of 25 and 26 February 1933 listed Hitler's rallies from 25 February to 4 March, a week before the election, with the stations carrying each. ![Völkischer Beobachter, 25/26 February 1933: boxed notice "Die Kundgebungen des Führers" listing rally dates and radio relays](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/voelkischer-beobachter-kundgebungen-des-fuehrers-1933.jpg) ![Crowd receiving small radio sets from a uniformed party official in Berlin, October 1938](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/reich-propaganda-ministry-volksempfaenger-1938.jpg) Explain moreShow less Its last line says the "Hörbericht" (broadcast report) for all rallies is taken over by "der Reichspropagandaleiter der N.S.D.A.P., Dr. Goebbels". The entry tags it [identity fusion](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/identity-fusion/). On 18 August 1933, at the Berlin radio exhibition where the cheap VE 301 *Volksempfänger* ("people's receiver") was shown at 76 Reichsmarks, he said, in Randall Bytwerk's translation: "It would not have been possible for us to take power or to use it in the ways we have without the radio and the airplane." In October 1938 party officials in Berlin handed out 500 small radio receivers to "needy national comrades" on Goebbels's birthday, according to the original press caption (Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H14243, photograph by Nau). The case study gives about 70 per cent of German households as owning a radio by 1939 (Welch). From 1 September 1939 deliberately listening to foreign stations was punishable by prison. ## What did Goebbels do about books, art and film? On the night of 10 May 1933 students burned books on Berlin's Opernplatz. USHMM describes the burnings as a student initiative that the government supported but did not organise. Goebbels spoke near midnight: "Das Zeitalter eines überspitzten jüdischen Intellektualismus ist nun zu Ende" ("The era of exaggerated Jewish intellectualism is now at an end"). ![Berlin, Opernplatz, 10 May 1933: a pile of burning books with a crowd of students and uniformed men behind it](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/buecherverbrennung-opernplatz-berlin-1933.jpg) ![Entartete Kunst poster, 1938: jagged pink and black lettering, two mask-like faces, "Ausstellung der NSDAP im Haus der Kunst am Königsplatz"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/entartete-kunst-plakat-karten-hier-1938.jpg) ![Goebbels in a light trench coat walks through the Entartete Kunst exhibition, flanked by civilians and uniformed officers, with Expressionist paintings hanging close together](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/goebbels-entartete-kunst-exhibition-1938.jpg) ![Goebbels with Leni Riefenstahl, November 1937](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/images/goebbels-riefenstahl-1937.jpg) Explain moreShow less The Bundesarchiv press caption (photograph by Georg Pahl) calls the burned works "undeutsche Schriften" (un-German writings), tagged [name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/). The entry names the Deutsche Studentenschaft and the propaganda ministry as actors; see the [book burnings case study](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/nazi-book-burnings-1933/). "Entartete Kunst" (Degenerate Art) opened in Munich on 19 July 1937 with about 650 works; about 20,000 works were confiscated from public museums in the wider campaign (Freie Universität Berlin database, as cited in the case study). This Federal Archive poster, published in Berlin by Berek, advertises the exhibition with discounted advance tickets. The entry credits the NSDAP and tags it name-calling and [scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/): the title is the label. The Bundesarchiv caption dates his visit to Sunday, 27 February 1938, at the Berlin showing. The exhibition ran alongside the Grosse Deutsche Kunstausstellung, which the regime presented as the approved alternative. On film, see the case study [Film under Goebbels](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/nazi-film-triumph-and-eternal-jew/). Goebbels visited Leni Riefenstahl on 25 November 1937 during preparations for her film *Olympia* (Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-S34639, photograph by Rolf Lantin). Her *Triumph des Willens* (1935) opens "im Auftrag des Führers"; in 1965 she said of it, "It is history, pure history." For *Der ewige Jude* (1940), the case study records that on Goebbels's orders Fritz Hippler sent crews to occupied Polish cities from October 1939. Hippler later said Goebbels was the film's real author. ## What happened at the Sportpalast in February 1943? On 18 February 1943, less than three weeks after the German Sixth Army surrendered at Stalingrad, Goebbels spoke at the Berlin Sportpalast under a banner reading "Total war – shortest war". ![The Berlin Sportpalast on 18 February 1943 under the banner "Totaler Krieg – Kürzester Krieg" with swastika banners and a packed hall](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/sportpalast-total-war-speech-1943.jpg) Explain moreShow less The audience was invited and seated in advance, not a sample of the public, and its answers to his ten questions were broadcast as the voice of the nation. The entry tags it [bandwagon](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/bandwagon/), [fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/) and [demagoguery](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/demagoguery/). The fourth question, in Bytwerk's translation of the printed text, was: "Do you want total war? If necessary, do you want a war more total and radical than anything that we can even imagine today?" The speech argued that defeat would mean Bolshevism overrunning Europe and tied Bolshevism to Jews; the quotes page gives that passage with a content note. Bytwerk notes the printed version differs in places from the spoken one. The [fear-appeal technique page](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/) uses this speech as an example. The case study dates the ministry's turn from promising victory to warning of defeat to the weeks after Stalingrad. ![Rows of men in civilian hats and overcoats carrying Panzerfäuste fill a Berlin street during the Volkssturm swearing-in](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/volkssturm-vorbeimarsch-goebbels-berlin-1944.jpg) ## How did Goebbels appear in the last months of the war? On 12 November 1944 Volkssturm volunteers, a militia of men not already in service, were sworn in at Berlin and marched past Reich Minister Goebbels (Bundesarchiv caption). The entry notes the event was staged as a mass spectacle for the press and tags it bandwagon and identity fusion. ![A man in a long leather coat shakes hands with a boy in a Wehrmacht helmet and greatcoat at the head of a rank of soldiers](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/hitler-youth-iron-cross-ceremony-1945.jpg) Explain moreShow less The archive title names the boy as Hitler Youth member Willi Hübner, photographed on 9 March 1945 (Bild 183-J31305). Published accounts place the ceremony at Lauban in Silesia and identify the man as Goebbels. The entry says that identification rests on those accounts, not on the print, and tags it [transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/): the state's military honour attached to a child's service. ## How did the Allies portray Goebbels? A British leaflet of about December 1943, attributed to British forces, sets dated boasts of Göring, Hitler and Goebbels beside later results. ![Wer hatte recht? leaflet: columns of dated quotations from Göring, Hitler, Goebbels, Churchill, Harris and Peck about the air war](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/wer-hatte-recht-raf-leaflet-1943.jpg) ![A cartoon of Goebbels as a snarling, tailed, mouse-like figure shouting from a podium beside the caption "What is an Aryan? He is handsome as Goebbels"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/us-what-is-an-aryan-1941.jpg) Explain moreShow less It closes with a line it attributes to Goebbels of 31 December 1940: "We National Socialists have indeed seldom, but never yet falsely prophesied." The entry tags it [card-stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/) and notes the quotations are as printed, not checked against the originals. This is a 1941 Soviet poster reproduced by the private charity Russian War Relief in the United States; the American date is not stated. The entry tags it name-calling: an animal caricature and a sarcastic label for a named enemy official, the same technique the archive records on the Nazi side. ## Did Goebbels say "a lie told often enough becomes the truth"? No source has been found in the primary collections this archive checked. The quotes file lists three popular lines as unverified and does not publish them: "If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it" (misattributed), "A lie told once remains a lie, but a lie told a thousand times becomes the truth" (apocryphal) and a line about people being "confident they are acting on their own free will" (unverifiable). The [big lie technique page](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/big-lie/) gives the record: Explain moreShow less - The phrase "big lie" comes from Hitler's *Mein Kampf* (vol. 1, ch. 10, 1925). There it is an accusation: Hitler said Jews and Marxists used it, and wrote that "in the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility" (Murphy translation). That charge against Jews is antisemitic, quoted only as the source of the term. - The sense most people now mean, a method adopted on purpose, comes from a 1943 report for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services by Walter Langer (published in 1972 as *The Mind of Adolf Hitler*). It lists among Hitler's rules that "people will believe a big lie sooner than a little one". The report is a source for the term, not evidence about Goebbels. - Randall Bytwerk of the German Propaganda Archive calls the Goebbels line a fabricated quotation. - What Goebbels did write, in "Churchill's Lie Factory" (*Das Reich*, 12 January 1941), is again an accusation against an opponent: "The English follow the principle that when one lies, one should lie big, and stick to it." His verified statements about propaganda are different in kind. In 1928 he told party members, "Propaganda should be popular, not intellectually pleasing." At Nuremberg in 1934 he said, "Propaganda as such is neither good nor evil. Its moral value is determined by the goals it seeks." The "nineteen principles of Goebbels" cited online are Leonard Doob's 1950 reconstruction from the diaries, not a document Goebbels wrote. ## Where are Goebbels's quotes? The archive holds 15 quotations with source, translator and date, plus the three rejected lines. See the quotes index for the Goebbels quotes page and his card on the [Nazi Germany regime page](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/nazi-germany/#joseph-goebbels). Offensive quotations carry a content note and are shown in full. ## Which techniques do the Goebbels objects show? - **Bandwagon and identity fusion.** Mass staging presents the crowd as the nation: the Sportpalast hall and the Volkssturm march-past ([bandwagon](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/bandwagon/), [identity fusion](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/identity-fusion/)). - **Fear appeal.** Defeat is presented as catastrophe with one remedy ([fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/)). - **Name-calling and scapegoating.** A label decides the case before the work is examined: "undeutsch", "entartet" ([name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/), [scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/)). Show all 5Show fewer - **Card-stacking.** What the press was told to print and to leave out ([card-stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/)). - **Accusation in a mirror.** The 1941 article charges the British with lying big ([accusation in a mirror](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/accusation-in-a-mirror/)). ## What to look for in Goebbels-era propaganda - **Who is speaking.** The ministry and the party's propaganda directorate shared one head, so an issuer line can read either. - **Who chose the audience.** An invited hall is not a public. - **What is named as the threat and what is offered.** The Sportpalast speech names Bolshevism and offers total war. - **What is missing.** The press instructions governed what was left out. - **Whether a quotation can be traced.** Check the date, the publication and the translator. ## Browse Goebbels and ministry objects The grid below shows the collection objects named on this page. Each opens an object page with its holding institution, original record, transcription and rights basis. Related pages: [Nazi propaganda posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/nazi-propaganda-posters/), [propaganda examples](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-examples/), [types of propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/), [WW2 propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/ww2-propaganda-posters/), [the big lie in the psychology library](https://propagandaarchive.org/learn/the-big-lie/) and [Holocaust propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/holocaust-propaganda/). Sources and further reading ## Sources and rights Photographs come from the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), the Polish National… Photographs come from the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), the Polish National Digital Archive and the other holders named on each object page. The Völkischer Beobachter page is public domain. Quotations are Randall Bytwerk's English translations from the German Propaganda Archive, Calvin University, unless the quotes file names another translator. Transcriptions are verbatim. Other sources: USHMM, *Holocaust Encyclopedia* ("Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment"); Doob, "Goebbels' Principles of Propaganda", *Public Opinion Quarterly* 14 (1950); Welch, *The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda*; Longerich, *Goebbels: A Biography* (2015). ## Goebbels and Reich Propaganda Ministry objects in the collection Showing 12 of 12 objects. [Filter the whole collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/). - [Die Kundgebungen des Führers (Völkischer Beobachter, 25/26 February 1933)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/voelkischer-beobachter-kundgebungen-des-fuehrers-1933/) (Nazi Germany · Feb 25, 1933 · Identity fusion). Content note: Nazi Party newspaper notice listing Hitler's election rallies and radio broadcasts of February-March 1933. - [Berlin, Opernplatz: Bücherverbrennung durch Studenten](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/buecherverbrennung-opernplatz-berlin-1933/) (Nazi Germany · May 10, 1933 · Name-calling). Content note: Night photograph of the 10 May 1933 public book burning in Berlin, with a crowd and uniformed men giving the Nazi salute. - [Entartete Kunst: Ausstellung der NSDAP im Haus der Kunst am Königsplatz (poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/entartete-kunst-plakat-karten-hier-1938/) (Nazi Germany · 1938 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Nazi Party advertising poster for the 'Entartete Kunst' ('Degenerate Art') exhibition, which presented works by condemned artists for denunciation. - [Goebbels at the 'Entartete Kunst' exhibition, February 1938](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/goebbels-entartete-kunst-exhibition-1938/) (Nazi Germany · Feb 27, 1938 · Name-calling) - [What Is an "Aryan"? He Is Handsome as Goebbels](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/us-what-is-an-aryan-1941/) (United States · 1941 · Name-calling) - [Speaking of Pictures... Russian War Posters Are Colorful and Forceful](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/speaking-of-pictures-russian-war-posters-life-us-1942/) (United States · 1942 · Name-calling) - ['Wer hatte recht?' ('Who was right?') (Allied leaflet to Germany)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/wer-hatte-recht-raf-leaflet-1943/) (United Kingdom · 1943 · Card stacking) - [What Nazis think of German-Americans](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/what-nazis-think-of-german-americans-1943/) (United States · 1943 · Card stacking, Name-calling). Content note: Red line caricature of a head with a swastika-marked pen for a mouth, and a quoted Nazi spokesman's description of German emigrants as 'uprooted creatures'. - [Totaler Krieg – kürzester Krieg (Total War – Shortest War): the Sportpalast rally of 18 February 1943](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sportpalast-total-war-speech-1943/) (Nazi Germany · Feb 18, 1943 · Bandwagon, Fear appeal, Demagoguery). Content note: Photograph of Nazi swastika banners and a mass audience at a 1943 speech. - [Tag des Deutschen Volkssturmes in der Hauptstadt](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tag-des-deutschen-volkssturmes-berlin-1944/) (Nazi Germany · Nov 12, 1944 · Identity fusion). Content note: Wartime press photograph of the Volkssturm swearing-in in Berlin, with an officer giving the Nazi salute, 12 November 1944. - [Vorbeimarsch des Volkssturms an Goebbels (Vereidigung, Berlin)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/volkssturm-vorbeimarsch-goebbels-berlin-1944/) (Nazi Germany · Nov 12, 1944 · Bandwagon, Identity fusion). Content note: Wartime press photograph of men with Panzerfäuste and machine guns marching at the Volkssturm swearing-in, Berlin, 12 November 1944. - [Decoration of a Hitler Youth member, March 1945](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hitler-youth-iron-cross-ceremony-1945/) (Nazi Germany · Mar 9, 1945 · Transfer)