--- title: 'Propaganda radio: Haw-Haw, Tokyo Rose, RFE' url: https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/ description: 'Propaganda radio from Lord Haw-Haw and Tokyo Rose to Radio Free Europe: the white, grey and black source test, jamming and monitored transcripts.' section: FRAME --- ![Illustration: a dossier collage of an evidence wall of pinned propaganda posters, leaflets and printed matter from many eras, with contact sheets and catalog labels.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/hero-collection.jpg) Collection # Propaganda radio: Haw-Haw, Tokyo Rose, RFE Propaganda radio from Lord Haw-Haw and Tokyo Rose to Radio Free Europe: the white, grey and black source test, jamming and monitored transcripts. 1. [Home](https://propagandaarchive.org/) 2. [Collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/) 3. Propaganda radio [![Radio Manila Tagalog talk 'look up for American planes' and the 'reorientation' campaign, as monitored by the OSS (1944)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/ph-radio-manila-tagalog-americans-planes-oss-digest-1944-640.jpg)Radio Manila Tagalog talk 'look up for American planes' and the 'reorientation' campaign, as monitored by the OSS (1944)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ph-radio-manila-tagalog-americans-planes-oss-digest-1944/) [![Hanoi in English: 'Comments on America's Independence Day', 3 July 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/hanoi-radio-jackson-fourth-of-july-1968-640.jpg)Hanoi in English: 'Comments on America's Independence Day', 3 July 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hanoi-radio-jackson-fourth-of-july-1968/) [![Havana Domestic Service, Castro's May Day speech on the Peruvian embassy exodus ('lumpens', 'scum'), broadcast (Havana, 1980-05-01)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/castro-may-day-lumpen-scum-fbis-1980-640.jpg)Havana Domestic Service, Castro's May Day speech on the Peruvian embassy exodus ('lumpens', 'scum'), broadcast (Havana, May 1, 1980)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/castro-may-day-lumpen-scum-fbis-1980/) [![FBIS Daily Report: Addis Ababa Domestic Service on the founding congress of the Workers Party of Ethiopia and the decree dissolving COPWE](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/addis-ababa-radio-wpe-congress-fbis-1984-640.jpg)FBIS Daily Report: Addis Ababa Domestic Service on the founding congress of the Workers Party of Ethiopia and the decree dissolving COPWE](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/addis-ababa-radio-wpe-congress-fbis-1984/) [![East Berlin radio and television on the October 1989 demonstrations ('Black Channel'), FBIS Daily Report, 11 October 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/east-berlin-radio-tv-schnitzler-black-channel-1989-640.jpg)East Berlin radio and television on the October 1989 demonstrations ('Black Channel'), FBIS Daily Report, 11 October 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/east-berlin-radio-tv-schnitzler-black-channel-1989/) [!["Noticiero Martí Noticias": title card of the newscast of 10 June 2026](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/noticiero-marti-noticias-title-card-2026-640.jpg)"Noticiero Martí Noticias": title card of the newscast of 10 June 2026](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/noticiero-marti-noticias-title-card-2026/) > **Content note.** Some broadcasts quoted or shown here use slurs and abuse as they were aired: antisemitic lines from wartime Axis and Allied stations, "scum" and "worms" from Cuban state radio, appeals addressed by race in Radio Hanoi's English service. They are reported as evidence of how the broadcasts worked, not as this archive's description of anyone. [What is propaganda radio, and how do you tell its kinds apart?](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/#what-is-propaganda-radio-and-how-do-you-tell-its-kinds-apart) [What does the collection hold?](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/#what-does-the-collection-hold) [What is the white, grey and black source test?](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/#what-is-the-white-grey-and-black-source-test) [Who were Lord Haw-Haw, Axis Sally and Tokyo Rose?](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/#who-were-lord-haw-haw-axis-sally-and-tokyo-rose) [What did the Allies broadcast?](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/#what-did-the-allies-broadcast) [How did Cold War stations broadcast, and who paid?](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-radio/#how-did-cold-war-stations-broadcast-and-who-paid) ## What is propaganda radio, and how do you tell its kinds apart? Propaganda radio is broadcasting used by a state, party or movement to move listeners, from Lord Haw-Haw and "Tokyo Rose" to Radio Free Europe and Radio Moscow. The sorting test is the source: white propaganda names its sender, black conceals or falsifies it, and grey blurs it. Accuracy is a separate question. ## What does the collection hold? The archive tags 30 objects with the medium "broadcast", from 20 countries and dated 1944 to 2026: 28 are rated white and 2 grey (counts made from the entry files in `examples/entries/`). The tag covers television and addresses as well as radio. No audio is hosted: the objects are transcripts, monitoring digests and title cards. Twenty name the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) in the title or caption. FBIS recorded and translated foreign radio for the U.S. government, so those pages are U.S. translations of other states' broadcasts, and the selection reflects what that service monitored. Four of the 30 were issued by U.S. bodies. The counts show what has been hosted with a clear rights basis, not how much each side broadcast. ## What is the white, grey and black source test? Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell's textbook *Propaganda and Persuasion* sorts propaganda by how honestly it names its source. **White** comes from a correctly identified source and tends to be accurate. **Black** is material where "the source is concealed or credited to a false authority". **Grey** sits between: the source may or may not be correctly identified. FRAME applies the source test first, and then asks station by station whether the content was accurate. Colour is not a moral ranking; the method is what is scored. Definitions are in the [working definition](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/working-definition/). ## Who were Lord Haw-Haw, Axis Sally and Tokyo Rose? All three were open-origin voices. The case study [Wartime radio voices](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/wartime-radio-voices/) separates the nicknames from the people. Explain moreShow less - **William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw").** Born in Brooklyn, a former British Union of Fascists organiser, Joyce left Britain in late summer 1939 and joined the German state radio's English service; his talks opened "Germany calling". The *Daily Express* radio critic named "Lord Haw-Haw" on 18 September 1939, though the voice first heard is widely thought to have been another announcer. A BBC Listener Research study found that in January 1940 about one adult in six in Britain listened regularly and about three in six occasionally, mostly from curiosity or frustration with official news. He was convicted of high treason on 19 September 1945, on the ground that his British passport bound him to allegiance. The Lords dismissed his appeal and he was hanged on 3 January 1946; the House of Lords Library notes the conviction has been criticised because he was not a British subject. - **Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally").** Born in Portland, Maine, she announced for German state radio from 1940. Her programmes mixed American dance music with attacks on Roosevelt, Churchill and Jews. In *Vision of Invasion* (11 May 1944) she played a mother dreaming of her son's death in the Channel. She was convicted on 10 March 1949 on one count, for that play, and paroled in 1961. - **Iva Toguri ("Tokyo Rose").** The National Archives describes "Tokyo Rose" as "a GI term used to refer to a variety of female Japanese broadcasters". Toguri, a U.S. citizen born in Los Angeles in 1916, was visiting a sick aunt in Japan when the Pacific war began and refused to renounce her citizenship. From late 1943 she hosted segments of Radio Tokyo's *Zero Hour* as "Orphan Ann". An Australian prisoner of war, Major Charles Cousens, directed the programme; scripts were written by a U.S. POW and a Filipino POW. She was convicted on 29 September 1949 on one count and released in January 1956. In 1976 two key prosecution witnesses said they had been pressured and coached, and President Ford pardoned her on 19 January 1977. The record does not show that her own segments contained the taunts GIs described. ## What did the Allies broadcast? The Allies ran open and false-origin stations too. The BBC German Service was open-origin and built a reputation for accurate news. Britain's Political Warfare Executive ran *Gustav Siegfried Eins* (1941), whose "Der Chef" posed as a Prussian officer inside Germany, and *Soldatensender Calais* (1943 to 1945), whose formula was "cover, cover, dirt, cover, dirt": true news and music around hostile items. The U.S. 12th Army Group ran *Radio 1212*, posing as loyal Rhinelanders; the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum says its false reports of Allied positions led civilians to flee. Germany's Büro Concordia ran five stations posing as British dissidents. Treason law reached Joyce, Gillars and Toguri because they broadcast against their own states; it did not reach Allied staff who broadcast for theirs. ![OSS digest page headed Ideologies quoting a Tagalog radio talk about American planes](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/ph-radio-manila-tagalog-americans-planes-oss-digest-1944.jpg) ![OSS digest page quoting Radio Tokyo and Radio Manila items on a guerrilla amnesty and mass surrenders](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/ph-radio-tokyo-manila-guerrilla-surrender-oss-digest-1944.jpg) ![A boxed brief in a U.S. Army bulletin quoting Radio Tokyo's figure of 32,900 Allied casualties on Iwo Jima](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/radio-tokyo-iwo-casualty-claim-usafpoa-1945.jpg) Explain moreShow less Two Japanese-controlled broadcast digests show the Pacific side as U.S. wartime monitors recorded it. An OSS Research and Analysis digest of 1944 quotes a Tagalog talk of 9 March 1944 telling Filipinos who watch the sky that American planes may bring bombs, not food (fear appeal). The speaker is not named. Rated grey. A second page quotes broadcasts on a guerrilla amnesty, with surrender counts of 158, 77 and 227 and the phrase "misguided elements" (bandwagon, euphemism). The OSS report does not verify the figures. A U.S. Army bulletin of 6 April 1945 quotes a Radio Tokyo claim of 32,900 Allied casualties on Iwo Jima with no source and no Japanese figure (card-stacking). Only the U.S. translation survives. [Read the technique: card stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/). ## How did Cold War stations broadcast, and who paid? Radio Free Europe began broadcasting to Czechoslovakia on 4 July 1950. Its parent, the National Committee for a Free Europe, presented itself as a private body of citizens, but its money came mainly from the CIA. Senator Clifford Case told the Senate on 25 January 1971 that "several hundred million dollars" from secret CIA budgets had paid "almost totally" for Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty for 20 years. Congress began funding both openly under the International Broadcasting Act of 1973. The Crusade for Freedom raised donations on the stations' behalf. See [The Crusade for Freedom](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/crusade-for-freedom-radio-free-europe/). ![Invest a Truth Dollar in Radio Free Europe: George Washington's portrait framed like a banknote](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/truth-dollar-1954.jpg) ![He needs a mind of his own, he needs Radio Free Europe: a child's face with a chain and padlock around his head](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/rfe-mind-of-his-own-1970.jpg) ![Chinese-language poster announcing added Voice of America programmes in Hokkien, with a queue of listeners walking toward a radio](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/voa-hokkien-broadcasts-chinese-taiwan-1951.jpg) ![Korean-language leaflet with a portrait of General MacArthur asking readers to listen to the news at nine every night on 950 kilocycles](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/unc-macarthur-radio-news-leaflet-1950.jpg) ![Typed page marked Eyes Only headed Brief History of Radio Swan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/radio-swan-brief-history-memo-1961.jpg) ![A painted panel in a Leipzig display case: a man has a plank hammered onto his head, with a verse telling viewers never to tune in to RIAS](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/gdr-rias-display-panel-leipzig-1952.jpg) Explain moreShow less This 1954 advertisement asks Americans to "Invest a 'Truth Dollar'" and says nothing of the station's main funder (glittering generalities, transfer). Rated grey. A 1970 transit advertisement, placed as a public service with the Advertising Council, ties the chain on a child to the station's cause. Rated grey. [Read the technique: transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/). Not every sponsor was hidden. This Voice of America sheet and a Korean War leaflet name theirs. A USIS Taipei poster of April 1951 gives the Southern Min schedule and frequencies, and a queue of figures walking toward a set implies everyone tunes in (bandwagon). A 1950 leaflet credited to United Nations Command psychological warfare puts General Douglas MacArthur's portrait over a request to listen nightly on 950 kilocycles; his face is the only argument offered for the news's accuracy (transfer). Radio Swan is the documented hidden-sponsor case. In May 1960 it began broadcasting in Spanish to Cuba from Great Swan Island, owned on paper by the Gibraltar Steamship Corporation and in fact run by the CIA. A 1961 annex held by the Kennedy Library says the station was first planned as clandestine and then made "commercial" at the Navy's request. During the April 1961 Bay of Pigs operation it broadcast coded messages to agents inside Cuba. See [the Cuba-US radio war](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cuba-us-radio-war/). East Germany answered Western radio with display cases and with its own false-origin station: *Deutscher Freiheitssender 904* (1956 to 1971) claimed to speak from a cellar in West Germany for the banned Communist Party but was produced on East German territory and funded by the ruling SED, per the wartime-voices case study. A 1952 panel in Leipzig attacks RIAS, the U.S.-funded West Berlin broadcaster, by pasting a dollar-marked sleeve and a plank onto its listener (name-calling by image). Who ordered the panel is not recorded, so it is grey. ## What did Hanoi, Havana and Cairo broadcast? Radio Hanoi began an English-language programme for U.S. troops in 1965, reading out names of American dead alongside antiwar news and pop songs; the case study on [Chieu Hoi and Radio Hanoi](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/vietnam-chieu-hoi-and-radio-hanoi/) sets it beside Saigon's leaflets aimed at the other side's soldiers. Cairo's *Voice of the Arabs* (from 1953) called pro-Western rulers "lackeys of imperialism" while Britain ran an Arabic station presented as commercial; see [the Suez radio war](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/suez-radio-war/). **Content note:** Wartime broadcast text addressed to Black U.S. soldiers by race, using period terms such as 'colored', and alleging atrocities. This object is shown as it was published. [Why](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/#as-it-was) ![Transcript of a Radio Hanoi English broadcast of 23 June 1968 introducing a recorded letter from an American soldier to Black soldiers](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/hanoi-radio-nolan-black-gis-letter-1968.jpg) ![FBIS page with Havana International Service interviews answering the first Radio Marti broadcasts](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/havana-radio-marti-reaction-fbis-1985.jpg) Explain moreShow less A U.S. Government transcript of 23 June 1968 carries a recorded letter from a named U.S. soldier said to have crossed to the National Liberation Front, addressed to Black soldiers (testimonial). Nothing in the transcript verifies the speaker's circumstances. [Read the technique: testimonial](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/testimonial/). When the U.S. government's Radio Martí began on 20 May 1985, Havana International Service aired friendly foreign figures to attack the station's name and launch (testimonial, name-calling). Both states were broadcasting to the other's public. ## How did states jam foreign radio? The Soviet Union began jamming Western broadcasts in 1948. It stopped jamming the Voice of America, BBC and Deutsche Welle on 19 June 1963, resumed on 21 August 1968, stopped in 1973, resumed in August 1980, stopped again in 1987, and ended jamming of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty in November 1988. Britain jammed Athens Radio in Cyprus from 1956 to 1959, and Cuba has jammed Radio and TV Martí. Radio Liberty's surveys of travelling Soviet citizens, from a non-random sample run by the broadcaster, suggest jamming reduced listening but did not stop it: the Voice of America reached nearly 15 per cent of Soviet adults in an average week in 1978 to 1990. Moscow called Western stations "enemy voices" and centres of subversion; Western governments cited Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Both positions are on [Cold War radio jamming](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cold-war-radio-jamming/). ## What do FBIS monitored transcripts show? The 20 FBIS pages are U.S. translations or transcripts of state radio, news-agency and television items. Each shows a broadcaster speaking as itself, the white-propaganda case. FBIS chose what to record, so they are a monitored selection. ![FBIS page of a TASS announcement broadcast from Moscow on the second day of the invasion of Czechoslovakia](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968.jpg) ![FBIS page carrying Radio Moscow's English commentary on Chernobyl and American press reports](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/radio-moscow-chernobyl-us-reports-1986.jpg) ![FBIS page carrying the text of Ceausescu's address on the Timisoara events](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/bucharest-radio-ceausescu-timisoara-address-1989.jpg) ![FBIS page with East German state broadcasts on the October 1989 demonstrations, including the Black Channel](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/east-berlin-radio-tv-schnitzler-black-channel-1989.jpg) ![FBIS page with Castro's May Day speech labelling those who sought to leave as lumpens and scum](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/castro-may-day-lumpen-scum-fbis-1980.jpg) Explain moreShow less TASS International Service, 22 August 1968, calls the Warsaw Pact troops "allied", cites "numerous meetings, resolutions, and letters" as approval, and labels opponents "counterrevolutionary" and "bankrupt politicians" (name-calling, bandwagon, euphemism). Radio Moscow World Service on 30 April 1986, four days after the reactor explosion, gave an official account of two deaths and then turned on the U.S. press for "spreading rumors". The entry notes later assessments recorded 28 deaths from acute radiation syndrome among plant and emergency staff, and that unconfirmed Western claims of thousands of deaths were not borne out. Bucharest radio and television carried Nicolae Ceausescu's address of 20 December 1989, calling demonstrators "hooligan elements" and "terrorist gangs" and the army's fire "warning shots". East German radio and television on 10 October 1989 called demonstrators "hooligans" and denied reported deaths as "complete fabrications"; Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler's *Black Channel* called emigrants "fugitives". On 1 May 1980 Fidel Castro called people who entered the Peruvian embassy "lumpens", "thugs" and "delinquents" and said the CIA was behind the provocations (name-calling, scapegoating). [Read the technique: name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/). The collection also holds a U.S. presidential broadcast on the same terms: Lyndon Johnson's broadcast address of 4 August 1964 on the Gulf of Tonkin, which the National Security Agency's own historian later concluded described a second attack that did not take place (card-stacking). For a broadcast that filled the schedule instead of news, see [the Swan Lake broadcast](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/swan-lake-broadcast-1991/) and [Yeltsin's tank appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/yeltsin-tank-resistance-broadcasts-1991/). ## What to look for in a radio broadcast - **Where the transmitter is and who pays.** A station claiming to be inside the target country makes a checkable claim. - **The mix.** True news, sport and music are cheap to verify; the items that matter are the ones that are not. - **Personas.** An angry officer or worried mother is a production choice until shown otherwise. - **Nicknames.** "Tokyo Rose" and "Lord Haw-Haw" were audience labels that covered several voices. ## Browse propaganda radio and broadcasts The grid below shows the broadcast objects in the collection. Each opens an object page with the holding institution, a link to the original record, a transcription and translation of any text, and the rights basis for hosting. For related pages, see [propaganda films](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-films/), [psychological operations](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/psychological-operations/), [Vietnam War propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/vietnam-war-propaganda/) and [disinformation](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/disinformation/). Sources and further reading ## Sources and rights Pages come from the U.S. Pages come from the U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, the Office of Strategic Services, the Library of Congress, the U.S. National Archives, the Kennedy Library and Wikimedia Commons. Each object page gives its own rights basis. Transcriptions are verbatim. ## Broadcasts in the collection Showing 30 of 30 objects. [Filter the whole collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/). - [Radio Manila Tagalog talk 'look up for American planes' and the 'reorientation' campaign, as monitored by the OSS (1944)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ph-radio-manila-tagalog-americans-planes-oss-digest-1944/) (Empire of Japan · Mar 1944 · Fear appeal) - [Radio Tokyo and Manila items on guerrilla amnesty and surrender, as monitored by the OSS (1943-44)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ph-radio-tokyo-manila-guerrilla-surrender-oss-digest-1944/) (Empire of Japan · Mar 1944 · Bandwagon, Euphemism / doublespeak) - [President Johnson's Gulf of Tonkin 'Midnight Address'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gulf-of-tonkin-address-1964/) (United States · Aug 4, 1964 · Card stacking) - [Peace, Little Girl ("Daisy")](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/daisy-ad-1964/) (United States · Sep 7, 1964 · Fear appeal) - [Hanoi in English: a defector's recorded letter to 'his colored buddies', 23 June 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hanoi-radio-nolan-black-gis-letter-1968/) (Democratic Republic of Vietnam · Jun 23, 1968 · Testimonial). Content note: Wartime broadcast text addressed to Black U.S. soldiers by race, using period terms such as 'colored', and alleging atrocities. - [Hanoi in English: 'Comments on America's Independence Day', 3 July 1968](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hanoi-radio-jackson-fourth-of-july-1968/) (Democratic Republic of Vietnam · Jul 3, 1968 · Testimonial, Transfer). Content note: Wartime broadcast text urging U.S. troops to refuse orders, with accusations of genocide and racism against the U.S. government. - [TASS International Service, 'Occupation Progress', broadcast (Moscow, August 22, 1968; FBIS transcript)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968/) (Soviet Union · Aug 22, 1968 · Name-calling, Bandwagon, Euphemism / doublespeak) - [Allende's radio and television greeting for International Women's Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/allende-womens-day-radio-tv-greeting-1973/) (Chile · Mar 8, 1973 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [FBIS Daily Report: Cairo MENA on a Syrian 'plan' to cause political disorder (28 Sep 1978)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-cairo-syria-disorder-plan-1978/) (Egypt · Sep 27, 1978 · Narrative laundering) - [FBIS Daily Report: Damascus Domestic Service on the 'treasonous Camp David agreements' (28 Sep 1978)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-damascus-camp-david-treasonous-1978/) (Syria · Sep 27, 1978 · Name-calling). Content note: Syrian state radio calls the Camp David Accords 'treasonous' and Sadat's policy 'capitulationist'. - [FBIS Daily Report: Tehran Domestic Service on the occupation of the U.S. Embassy (5 Nov 1979)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-tehran-embassy-seizure-1979/) (Iran · Nov 5, 1979 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: State-radio report of the 1979 US embassy seizure, repeating the occupiers' labels for the US and the ex-shah ('world domineering', 'spying Embassy', 'criminal'), and naming Israel and 'Zionism' as enemies. - [Havana Domestic Service, Castro's May Day speech on the Peruvian embassy exodus ('lumpens', 'scum'), broadcast (Havana, May 1, 1980)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/castro-may-day-lumpen-scum-fbis-1980/) (Cuba · May 1, 1980 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Demagoguery). Content note: Contains a head of state's speech labelling people who sought to leave Cuba 'lumpens', 'thugs', 'delinquents' and 'scum', with the crowd chanting 'scum'. - [FBIS Daily Report: Kabul Domestic Service reads an Afghan trade-union message blaming 'world-devouring imperialism led by U.S. imperialism'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kabul-radio-workers-appeal-imperialism-fbis-1980/) (Afghanistan · Jun 19, 1980 · Scapegoating, Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: State radio text blames 'world-devouring imperialism led by U.S. imperialism' and 'mercenary classes' for opposition to the government. - [Tripoli radio on the Gulf of Sidra incident ('terrorist Ronald Reagan'), FBIS Daily Report, 21 August 1981](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tripoli-radio-gulf-of-sidra-reagan-terrorist-1981/) (Libya · Aug 21, 1981 · Name-calling, Bandwagon). Content note: State radio calling the U.S. President 'terrorist Ronald Reagan' and 'the leader of terrorism' after the Gulf of Sidra air battle, with reported crowds declaring readiness 'to respond to the call for death'. - [Sofia Domestic Service, broadcast on Jaruzelski declaring martial law in Poland (Sofia, December 13, 1981; FBIS Daily Report, 14 December 1981)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sofia-radio-jaruzelski-martial-law-1981/) (Bulgaria · Dec 14, 1981 · Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: Bulgarian state radio relaying the imposition of martial law in Poland; it labels Solidarity leaders 'extremist' and 'adventurers' and omits the internments. - [TASS statement on the 'unidentified intruder' (Korean Air Lines Flight 007), FBIS Daily Report, 6 September 1983](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-statement-unidentified-intruder-kal007-1983/) (Soviet Union · Sep 6, 1983 · Card stacking, Whataboutism, Red herring, Gaslighting). Content note: Soviet state-agency statement on a civilian airliner shot down with 269 people aboard; the text calls the flight a 'pre-planned act' and omits its destruction. - [FBIS Daily Report: Radio Free Grenada bulletins on the expected invasion, including 'Jamaican Invasion Plans Diversion'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/radio-free-grenada-invasion-diversion-bulletin-1983/) (Grenada · Oct 24, 1983 · Testimonial, Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: Radio bulletins on the eve of the 25 October 1983 invasion describe it as 'U.S. imperialism' action; the page does not mention the 19 October killings of Maurice Bishop. - [FBIS Daily Report: Addis Ababa Domestic Service on the founding congress of the Workers Party of Ethiopia and the decree dissolving COPWE](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/addis-ababa-radio-wpe-congress-fbis-1984/) (Ethiopia · Sep 11, 1984 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [FBIS Daily Report: Havana International Service lines up foreign voices against Radio Marti](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/havana-radio-marti-reaction-fbis-1985/) (Cuba · May 20, 1985 · Testimonial, Name-calling) - [Radio Moscow World Service on the Chernobyl accident and U.S. reports, FBIS Daily Report, 1 May 1986](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/radio-moscow-chernobyl-us-reports-1986/) (Soviet Union · May 1, 1986 · Limited hangout, Whataboutism, Red herring, Gaslighting). Content note: Soviet radio commentary on the Chernobyl disaster that reports two deaths and attributes Western coverage to an 'order'; later assessments recorded far larger casualties. - [FBIS Daily Report: Nodong Sinmun commentary 'Tears of the Instigator' on the 1976 Panmunjom axe incident](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pyongyang-panmunjom-axe-anniversary-fbis-1986/) (North Korea · Aug 20, 1986 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Card stacking, Gaslighting). Content note: Contains North Korean state commentary describing U.S. personnel as 'bestial aggressors' and 'cannibals' and recasting the 1976 killing of two U.S. officers as a U.S. provocation. - [FBIS Daily Report: Pyongyang commentary calls the 1983 Rangoon bombing a 'drama self-made by the puppets'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pyongyang-rangoon-bombing-denial-fbis-1986/) (North Korea · Oct 9, 1986 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Gaslighting). Content note: Contains North Korean state commentary calling the South Korean government 'the puppets' and a 'traitor', and denying responsibility for the 1983 Rangoon bombing (which killed 21) and the 1986 Kimpo airport bombing. - [FBIS Daily Report: 'Beijing Mayor on Role of University Students' (Xinhua Domestic Service, 23 Dec 1986)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/beijing-mayor-role-of-university-students-fbis-1986/) (China · Dec 23, 1986 · Card stacking) - [East Berlin radio and television on the October 1989 demonstrations ('Black Channel'), FBIS Daily Report, 11 October 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/east-berlin-radio-tv-schnitzler-black-channel-1989/) (East Germany · Oct 10, 1989 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Ad hominem). Content note: State broadcasts calling demonstrators 'hooligans' and 'criminal elements' and denying reports of deaths at the October 1989 demonstrations; includes a commentary casting emigrants as parents who abandoned their children. - [Bucharest Domestic Service: Ceausescu's address on the Timisoara events, FBIS Daily Report, 21 December 1989](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bucharest-radio-ceausescu-timisoara-address-1989/) (Romania · Dec 20, 1989 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Card stacking, Gaslighting, Demagoguery). Content note: Official state speech labelling demonstrators 'hooligan elements', 'terrorist gangs' and 'fascist'; delivered two days before the regime fell, while security forces were firing on crowds in Timisoara. - [Baghdad communique and RCC-Ba'th statement, 17 January 1991 (FBIS translation)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/baghdad-communique-3-fbis-1991/) (Iraq · Jan 17, 1991 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Wartime state text using religious epithets ('infidels, idolators, hypocrites', 'U.S. despot and apostate') and the phrase 'U.S.-Zionist aggression' about the coalition. - [FBIS Daily Report: Baghdad Domestic Service reads Saddam Husayn's letter to Bush (17 Jan 1991)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/fbis-baghdad-saddam-letter-to-bush-1991/) (Iraq · Jan 17, 1991 · Name-calling, Transfer, Demagoguery). Content note: Wartime letter from Saddam Husayn calling President Bush 'enemy of God and colleague of the devil', 'atheist, unbeliever, sinful aggressor', and the Gulf rulers 'treacherous'. - [TV Martí studio set for the programme "Nuestra América", 2008](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tv-marti-newscast-bbg-2008/) (United States · Jul 23, 2008 · Transfer) - [Address announcing a 'special military operation'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/special-military-operation-address-2022/) (Russia · Feb 24, 2022 · Euphemism / doublespeak, Semantic hijacking) - ["Noticiero Martí Noticias": title card of the newscast of 10 June 2026](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/noticiero-marti-noticias-title-card-2026/) (United States · Jun 10, 2026 · Transfer)