--- title: Russian propaganda from the Empire to the present url: https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/ description: 'Russian propaganda from 1914 to 2023: war loans, Soviet posters and broadcasts, MH17, the IRA and 2022 war posters, tagged by technique, sources shown.' section: FRAME --- ![Illustration: a dossier collage of an evidence wall of pinned propaganda posters, leaflets and printed matter from many eras, with contact sheets and catalog labels.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/hero-collection.jpg) Collection # Russian propaganda from the Empire to the present Russian propaganda from 1914 to 2023: war loans, Soviet posters and broadcasts, MH17, the IRA and 2022 war posters, tagged by technique, sources shown. 1. [Home](https://propagandaarchive.org/) 2. [Collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/) 3. Russian propaganda [![Сдал австриец русским Львов (The Austrian Surrendered Lvov to the Russians)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/austrians-surrendered-lvov-1914-640.jpg)Сдал австриец русским Львов (The Austrian Surrendered Lvov to the Russians)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/austrians-surrendered-lvov-1914/) [![Vechernee Vremya, no. 304, front page (Rostov-on-Don, 4 July 1919): 'Belgorod'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/vechernee-vremya-rostov-belgorod-1919-640.jpg)Vechernee Vremya, no. 304, front page (Rostov-on-Don, 4 July 1919): 'Belgorod'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vechernee-vremya-rostov-belgorod-1919/) [![Stalin's Pipe (Trubka Stalina)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/deni-stalins-pipe-1930-640.jpg)Stalin's Pipe (Trubka Stalina)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/deni-stalins-pipe-1930/) [![TASS International Service, 'Occupation Progress', broadcast (Moscow, 1968-08-22; FBIS transcript)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968-640.jpg)TASS International Service, 'Occupation Progress', broadcast (Moscow, August 22, 1968; FBIS transcript)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968/) [!['Russian Ads on Facebook' (House Intelligence Committee exhibit)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/ira-facebook-ads-hpsci-2018-640.jpg)'Russian Ads on Facebook' (House Intelligence Committee exhibit)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ira-facebook-ads-hpsci-2018/) [!['Gennady Rakitin,' an invented pro-war poet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/rakitin-ai-persona-2023-640.jpg)'Gennady Rakitin,' an invented pro-war poet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rakitin-ai-persona-2023/) > **Content note.** Some material on this page shows enemies as demons or caricatures, including a 1919 White Army cartoon with an antisemitic caricature of Leon Trotsky and a 1942 Soviet poster with a dead woman and a noose. Pro-war material from 2022 is also shown. All of it appears as issued, as evidence of what each side told its public. Showing a poster is not endorsing it. [What is Russian propaganda?](https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/#what-is-russian-propaganda) [What did Russian war propaganda look like before 1917?](https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/#what-did-russian-war-propaganda-look-like-before-1917) [How did the Provisional Government and the Russian Civil War sides appeal to the public?](https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/#how-did-the-provisional-government-and-the-russian-civil-war) [How did Soviet propaganda treat internal enemies and leaders?](https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/#how-did-soviet-propaganda-treat-internal-enemies-and-leaders) [How did the Soviet Union address the Second World War?](https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/#how-did-the-soviet-union-address-the-second-world-war) [How did the Soviet state respond to events during the Cold War?](https://propagandaarchive.org/russian-propaganda/#how-did-the-soviet-state-respond-to-events-during-the-cold-w) ## What is Russian propaganda? Russian propaganda is organised persuasion issued by the state and political movements of Russia in three eras: the Empire to 1917, the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991, and the Russian Federation since. The collection holds 108 objects from them, from a 1914 satirical print to a 2023 fake poet profile, each tagged by issuer, audience and technique. Explain moreShow less The count covers entries tagged Russian Empire (11), Russia (19), Soviet Russia (8), Soviet Union (66) and the White movement (4). The page uses the working definition applied to every country ([how FRAME defines propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/working-definition/)) and the same technique definitions used for American, British, German or Chinese material. Poster-only views are on [Soviet and Russian propaganda posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/soviet-propaganda-posters/); the party system is on [communist propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/communist-propaganda/) and [agitprop](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/agitprop/). Wider topics: [disinformation](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/disinformation/) and [psychological operations](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/psychological-operations/). The sections run in date order. Each object is described from its catalogue entry: issuer, audience, the ask and the technique. ## What did Russian war propaganda look like before 1917? The collection holds 11 objects tagged Russian Empire, mostly war loans and satirical prints of 1914 to 1916; one is shown here. For the wider period, see the case study [Russia's war of words](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/russia-1914-1918/). **Content note:** Russian war-loan postcard of 1916 showing a burning town and an invasion threat; no offensive imagery beyond the war theme. This object is shown as it was published. [Why](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/#as-it-was) ![Russian War Loan postcard](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/russian-war-loan-postcard-1916.jpg) Explain moreShow less The Estonian War Museum holds this 1916 card for the 5.5 per cent war loan: "Our cities, villages and churches await liberation from the enemy's invasion". The card names no publisher or artist. The entry tags it fear appeal and notes that war-loan appeals of this kind came from every major combatant. [Read the technique: fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/). ![Liberty Loan, War until Victory](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917.jpg) ## How did the Provisional Government and the Russian Civil War sides appeal to the public? The Provisional Government launched the Liberty Loan after the February Revolution of 1917, printed this sheet in Petrograd (signed P. Buchkin) and recast war finance in the language of the revolution. The entry notes that "War until victory" was the government's position, which the Bolsheviks opposed. It is tagged glittering generalities and transfer. [Read the technique: glittering generalities](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/glittering-generalities/). ![Peace and Freedom in Sovdepia](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/mir-i-svoboda-v-sovdepii-1919.jpg) ![Have You Volunteered?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/did-you-volunteer-moor-1920.jpg) Explain moreShow less The White movement issued this 1919 cartoon against Soviet rule; the artist is unidentified. The entry calls the Trotsky figure a demonic caricature marked as Jewish, drawing on the antisemitic "Jewish Bolshevism" trope. It is tagged name-calling, scapegoating and fear appeal. [Read the technique: scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/). Dmitry Moor's June 1920 poster was issued by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic for Red Army recruitment. The soldier's accusing gaze puts the burden of proof on the viewer, a device the entry compares to direct-address recruiting posters of other combatants. See [recruiting posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/recruiting-posters/). [Read the technique: transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/). ## How did Soviet propaganda treat internal enemies and leaders? The collection holds 66 objects tagged Soviet Union. The [Soviet Union regime page](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/soviet-union/) lists its offices, press institutions and the techniques that the archive's definitions fit. ![Enemies of the Five-Year Plan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/deni-bedny-enemies-of-the-five-year-plan-1929.jpg) ![Long live great Stalin, creator of the constitution of victorious socialism](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/elagu-suur-stalin-estonian-ssr-1950.jpg) Explain moreShow less Viktor Deni drew and Demyan Bedny wrote the verse for this 1929 State Publishing House poster. Eight heads are named as one pack, and the rhymed caption calls them "dogs not yet put in a cage". The entry tags name-calling and scapegoating. [Read the technique: name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/). The Tartu Art Museum credits this Estonian-language poster of 1950 to Voldemar Tomassov. The entry points to the virtue words "great" and "victorious" standing in for any testable claim. It is tagged glittering generalities, transfer and cult of personality. [Read the technique: cult of personality](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/cult-of-personality/). ## How did the Soviet Union address the Second World War? For the institutions and output of the war years, see [Soviet wartime propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/soviet-wartime-propaganda/). **Content note:** Caricature of Hitler with a swastika. This object is shown as it was published. [Why](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/#as-it-was) ![Muscovites at TASS Window No. 5, What Hitler Wants](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/what-hitler-wants-tass-window-1941.jpg) ![Kill the fascist brute](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/soviet-kill-the-fascist-brute-deni-1942.jpg) Explain moreShow less A. V. Ustinov photographed this window in July 1941, weeks after the German invasion. The poster, by Mikhail Cheremnykh for the TASS Window studio, sets out in four cartoon panels what a German victory would bring. The entry tags it fear appeal. Deni's 1942 poster, with a print run of 150,000, orders the viewer to kill the "fascist brute". The entry tags name-calling and fear appeal, and notes that the label and staged atrocity stand in for evidence about any particular event. The U.S. National Archives holds it. [Read the technique: fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/). ## How did the Soviet state respond to events during the Cold War? Three texts below were monitored and translated by the U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), which recorded foreign radio. ![TASS International Service, Occupation Progress](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968.jpg) ![TASS statement on the unidentified intruder](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/tass-statement-unidentified-intruder-kal007-1983.jpg) ![Radio Moscow World Service on the Chernobyl accident and U.S. reports](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/radio-moscow-chernobyl-us-reports-1986.jpg) Explain moreShow less On the second day of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, TASS called the troops "allied" and their entry "measures taken in defense of socialist gains", and labelled opponents "counterrevolutionary". The entry tags it name-calling, bandwagon and euphemism, and records that Czechoslovak broadcasts of the same days called the occupation a violation of international law. [Read the technique: euphemism](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/euphemism/). This statement, printed in Krasnaya Zvezda on 3 September 1983, came two days after Soviet interceptors shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, killing 269 people. It speaks of an "unidentified plane", omits the destruction, then cites past U.S. overflights. The entry records that Soviet officials acknowledged the attack in the following days. It is tagged card stacking, whataboutism, red herring and gaslighting. [Read the technique: whataboutism](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/whataboutism/). This 30 April 1986 commentary came four days after the reactor explosion. It reported "two persons died", then accused the U.S. press of spreading rumours. The entry says later assessments recorded 28 deaths from acute radiation syndrome within months, and that unconfirmed claims of thousands of deaths in some Western media were not borne out. It is tagged limited hangout, whataboutism, red herring and gaslighting. [Read the technique: limited hangout](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/limited-hangout/). The end of this system is covered in [Glasnost and the end of Soviet information control](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/glasnost-end-of-soviet-information-control/). ## What did Russian propaganda look like after 1991? The collection holds 19 objects tagged Russia. The regime page [Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin](https://propagandaarchive.org/regimes/putin-government/) lists its offices, state media, laws and operations abroad, and the techniques the archive's definitions fit: euphemism, semantic hijack, astroturf, identity fusion, whataboutism and firehosing. ![Russian Defence Ministry satellite image, MH17 briefing](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/mh17-buk-briefing-image-2014.jpg) ![President Putin in the Immortal Regiment column, Red Square](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/immortal-regiment-putin-red-square-2016.jpg) ![Russian Ads on Facebook](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/ira-facebook-ads-hpsci-2018.jpg) Explain moreShow less The Defence Ministry showed this image on 21 July 2014, four days after Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down over eastern Ukraine, killing 298 people. It marked two Buk launchers as Ukrainian. The Dutch-led Joint Investigation Team concluded in 2016 and 2018 that the missile came from a launcher of the Russian army's 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade, and a Dutch court convicted three men in absentia in 2022. Russia rejects these findings. The entry tags firehosing for the inconsistency of official accounts taken together, not for this image alone. [Read the technique: firehosing](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/firehosing/). The Kremlin's caption for 9 May 2016 says Putin joined the column with a portrait of his frontline-veteran father. The entry says the Immortal Regiment began in Tomsk in 2012 as a local initiative and was a national Victory Day event by 2016; both the family-memory and the state-endorsed element are visible in the frame. It is tagged plain folks and transfer. [Read the technique: plain folks](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/plain-folks/). The Internet Research Agency of St Petersburg ran Facebook pages posing as American communities, among them "Blacktivist", "Being Patriotic" and "LGBT United". The entry cites the House Intelligence Committee's report of 22 March 2018 and Facebook's 2017 statement that about 126 million U.S. users may have been served IRA content. It is tagged astroturf. See [Internet Research Agency, 2014 to 2018](https://propagandaarchive.org/campaigns/internet-research-agency-2014-2018/). [Read the technique: astroturf](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/astroturf/). ![Address announcing a special military operation](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/special-military-operation-address-2022.jpg) ## How did Russian propaganda describe the war in Ukraine from 2022? On 24 February 2022 President Putin announced a "special military operation" aimed at the "demilitarisation and denazification of Ukraine". The entry tags euphemism and semantic hijack. It records that a law signed on 4 March 2022 made spreading "false information" about the armed forces a criminal offence, and that the International Court of Justice's order of 16 March 2022 said it had no evidence of the alleged "genocide" in the Donbas. [Read the technique: euphemism](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/euphemism/). ![Heroes of Z](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/geroi-z-nashe-delo-pravoe-mod-poster-2022.jpg) ![Gennady Rakitin](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/rakitin-ai-persona-2023.png) Explain moreShow less The Ministry of Defence published this 2022 poster in a numbered series of "agitation posters" under its own name. "Our cause is just" opens a sentence in Molotov's radio address of 22 June 1941; the entry tags the reuse transfer and the virtue claim glittering generalities. [Read the technique: transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/). Anti-war Russian exiles created this persona on VKontakte in mid-2023 and revealed it in June 2024. His poems were lightly edited translations of 1930s and 1940s Nazi verse, and Russian officials, State Duma deputies and poetry prizes took up the account. The entry includes it because the method, a fabricated face presented as a grassroots voice, is the same whoever uses it. It is tagged synthetic media and astroturf. [Read the technique: synthetic media](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/synthetic-media/). ## Which techniques recur in Russian propaganda? The same technique definitions apply to every country. These recur in the Russian items, across the three eras: Explain moreShow less - **Name-calling and scapegoating.** A group or leader is reduced to a label: the 1919 Trotsky, the 1929 "dogs not yet put in a cage", the 1942 "fascist brute". [Name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/); [scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/). - **Transfer and glittering generalities.** Banners, wreaths, portraits and borrowed wording lend prestige to a request. [Transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/); [glittering generalities](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/glittering-generalities/). - **Euphemism.** "Allied" troops, "measures in defense of socialist gains" and a "special military operation" replace the plain word for an act. [Euphemism](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/euphemism/). - **Whataboutism.** A charge is answered with a charge about the accuser. The technique page records the Soviet Cold War form, a post-2014 Russian form and a 2017 US form on equal terms. [Whataboutism](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/whataboutism/); see also [Then and now: whataboutism](https://propagandaarchive.org/then-and-now/whataboutism/). - **Firehosing.** High volume and contradictory accounts, from RAND's 2016 model. [Firehosing](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/firehosing/). The Soviet and Russian doctrine behind it is in [reflexive control](https://propagandaarchive.org/about/russian-reflexive-control/). - **Accusation in a mirror.** One's own conduct is charged to the other side. The technique page documents Soviet-era and other cases. [Accusation in a mirror](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/accusation-in-a-mirror/). Scale, intent and context differ across the eras. The Imperial and Provisional Government items are wartime loan and recruiting appeals of the kind every combatant issued. The Soviet items come from a one-party state whose offices set the line and whose censorship office vetted print and images. The post-Soviet items include state posters and statements and operations run through fake personas. The collection does not rule on which items worked. Counterparts from other states are on [American](https://propagandaarchive.org/american-propaganda-posters/) and [British](https://propagandaarchive.org/british-propaganda-posters/) propaganda posters. ## What to look for in Russian propaganda - **Who is speaking.** A ministry, party, news agency, campaign or anonymous account. Some items name no issuer, and the entries say so. - **The date against the event.** A statement days after KAL 007 or Chernobyl shows what the issuer said first, not what was later established. - **What is left out.** The 1983 and 1986 texts omit or shrink the event. Show all 5Show fewer - **Borrowed words and symbols.** Molotov's 1941 sentence on a 2022 poster, red banners on a 1917 war bond. - **Where the claim can be checked.** Court findings and later assessments are cited in the entries. Explain moreShow less See also [types of propaganda](https://propagandaarchive.org/types-of-propaganda/), [propaganda posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-posters/) and the quotes index. ## Browse Russian propaganda The grid below shows objects from the collection drawn from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Each opens an object page with the holding institution, a link to the original record, a transcription of any text and the rights basis for hosting. Sources and further reading ## Sources and rights Objects on this page come from the Library of Congress, the U.S. Objects on this page come from the Library of Congress, the U.S. National Archives, the Estonian War Museum, the Tartu Art Museum, the Internet Archive's copies of U.S. FBIS reports, Wikimedia Commons and the House Intelligence Committee report. Each object page gives its own rights basis. Transcriptions are verbatim. Counts were made from the entry files in `examples/entries/`. ## Russian, Soviet and Russian Empire objects in the collection Showing 52 of 52 objects. [Filter the whole collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/). - [Сдал австриец русским Львов (The Austrian Surrendered Lvov to the Russians)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/austrians-surrendered-lvov-1914/) (Russian Empire · 1914 · Name-calling) - [Военный 5½% заём (Russian War Loan postcard, 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/russian-war-loan-postcard-1916/) (Russian Empire · 1916 · Fear appeal) - [Военный заём 5½% (War Loan, Cossack lancer poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/voenny-zaem-cossack-lancer-1916/) (Russian Empire · 1916 · Transfer) - [Заём свободы. Война до победы (Liberty Loan. War until Victory)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917/) (Russia · 1917 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [Kievlyanin, no. 252, front page (Kiev, 28 October 1917, old style): V. Shulgin's editorial and the "List No. 8" election appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kievlyanin-shulgin-list-8-1917/) (Russia · Oct 28, 1917 · Name-calling). Content note: Russian-nationalist editorial calling Lenin's seizure of power a 'mutiny' and Petrograd a 'German nest'. - [Капитал (Capital)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kapital-deni-1919/) (Soviet Russia · 1919 · Name-calling, Scapegoating) - [Mayakovsky, Советская азбука (Soviet Alphabet), letter Б (Moscow, 1919)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mayakovsky-soviet-azbuka-1919/) (Soviet Russia · 1919 · Name-calling) - [Миръ и свобода въ Совдепіи (Peace and Freedom in Sovdepia)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mir-i-svoboda-v-sovdepii-1919/) (Russia White Movement · 1919 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Fear appeal). Content note: This 1919 poster uses antisemitic caricature (a demonic Trotsky wearing a Star of David) and depicts extrajudicial killing. - [РСФСР расчётный знак, 500 рублей, reverse with the multilingual slogan (Soviet Russia, 1919)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rsfsr-500-rubles-reverse-slogan-1919/) (Soviet Russia · 1919 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [Poster of the Volunteer Army: Restoration of a Mighty, United and Indivisible Russia (marching column, 1919)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/white-volunteer-army-restoration-russia-poster-1919/) (Russia White Movement · 1919 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon) - [Vechernee Vremya, no. 304, front page (Rostov-on-Don, 4 July 1919): 'Belgorod'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vechernee-vremya-rostov-belgorod-1919/) (Russia White Movement · Jul 4, 1919 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: White-press sketch calling Kerensky 'Khlestakov', blaming him for Trotsky, and calling Bolshevik guns 'tools of Satan'. - [Красный подарок белому пану (A Red Gift for the White Lord): Soviet Polish-Soviet War poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/krasny-podarok-belomu-panu-1920/) (Soviet Russia · 1920 · Name-calling) - [Мы воюем с панским родом, а не с польским трудовым народом! (We Are Fighting the Lordly Breed, Not the Polish Working People!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/my-voyuem-s-panskim-rodom-rosta-1920/) (Soviet Russia · 1920 · Scapegoating). Content note: Two workers shake hands over the body of a fallen officer. - [Свинья, дрессированная в Париже (The Pig Trained in Paris)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/svinia-dressirovannaya-v-parizhe-deni-1920/) (Soviet Russia · 1920 · Name-calling). Content note: Dehumanizing animal caricature of Poland as a drooling pig held by a figure labelled France. - [Ты записался добровольцем? (Have You Volunteered?)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/did-you-volunteer-moor-1920/) (Soviet Russia · Jun 1920 · Transfer) - [W szponach orła białego (In the Talons of the White Eagle): Polish-language Soviet poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/w-szponach-orla-bialego-kyiv-1920/) (Soviet Russia · Sep 1920 · Name-calling, Bandwagon). Content note: Workers shown smashing the Polish white eagle with a hammer, with text calling for revolution in Poland. - [Krokodil No. 35 (145), September 1925: In the School of Hangmen (cover, Radakov)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/krokodil-school-of-hangmen-radakov-1925/) (Soviet Union · Sep 1925 · Name-calling). Content note: Cartoon with gallows, a noose and an axe. - [Народы СССР раньше и теперь (The Peoples of the USSR, Before and Now: old and new life in Central Asia)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kustodiev-peoples-of-the-ussr-before-and-now-1926/) (Soviet Union · 1926 · Card stacking) - [Pravda, no. 79 (3611), front page (Moscow, 8 April 1927): 'Monstrous provocation by the Zhang Zuolin bandits'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pravda-chudovishchnaya-provokatsiya-1927/) (Soviet Union · Apr 8, 1927 · Name-calling, Testimonial, Loaded language). Content note: Soviet party-press front page labelling Chinese police 'bandits' and attributing a plot to Britain. - [Enemies of the Five-Year Plan (Vragi pyatiletki)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/deni-bedny-enemies-of-the-five-year-plan-1929/) (Soviet Union · 1929 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Soviet caricatures of landowner, kulak, priest, capitalist, Menshevik and White officer as 'dogs'. - [Stalin's Pipe (Trubka Stalina)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/deni-stalins-pipe-1930/) (Soviet Union · 1930 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Soviet drawing of a wrecker, NEPman and kulak as caricatures blown away by Stalin's pipe smoke. - [Under the Banner of Lenin, for Socialist Construction (Pod znamenem Lenina za sotsialisticheskoe stroitelstvo)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/klucis-under-the-banner-of-lenin-1930/) (Soviet Union · 1930 · Transfer) - [Motherland's Salute to the Heroes! (Героям салют Родины!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/soviet-motherlands-salute-to-the-heroes-toidze-1939/) (Soviet Union · 1939 · Glittering generalities, Transfer) - [Suomen sotilaat! (Soldiers of Finland!): Soviet leaflet on a springboard against the USSR and the fate of Denmark and Norway](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/soviet-leaflet-hitler-ponnahduslauta-1941/) (Soviet Union · 1941 · Fear appeal, Name-calling) - [Stalinskoe znamya, daily edition, front page (Ryazan, June 23, 1941)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/stalinskoe-znamya-molotov-speech-1941/) (Soviet Union · Jun 23, 1941 · Glittering generalities, Card stacking) - [Muscovites at TASS Window No. 5, 'What Hitler Wants' (Chego Gitler khochet)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/what-hitler-wants-tass-window-1941/) (Soviet Union · Jul 1941 · Fear appeal). Content note: Caricature of Hitler with a swastika. - [Komsomolskaya Pravda, daily edition, front page (Moscow, December 9, 1941)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/komsomolskaya-pravda-front-page-1941-12-09/) (Soviet Union · Dec 9, 1941 · Name-calling, Card stacking) - [Убей фашиста-изувера! \[Kill the fascist brute!\]](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/soviet-kill-the-fascist-brute-deni-1942/) (Soviet Union · 1942 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Soviet wartime poster showing a woman's body with a noose around her neck beside a dehumanising caricature of a German soldier. - [Во имя Родины вперед богатыри! \[For the Motherland's Sake, Go Forward, Heroes!\]](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/soviet-for-the-motherlands-sake-go-forward-heroes-toidze-1943/) (Soviet Union · 1943 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - [Elagu suur Stalin, võitnud sotsialismi konstitutsiooni looja! (Long live great Stalin), Estonian SSR poster, 1950](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/elagu-suur-stalin-estonian-ssr-1950/) (Soviet Union · 1950 · Glittering generalities, Transfer, Cult of personality) - [TASS International Service, 'Occupation Progress', broadcast (Moscow, August 22, 1968; FBIS transcript)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-occupation-progress-radio-moscow-1968/) (Soviet Union · Aug 22, 1968 · Name-calling, Bandwagon, Euphemism / doublespeak) - [Giant Lenin portrait hung in the main gate of the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), Moscow](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vdnkh-lenin-portrait-main-gate-1971/) (Soviet Union · 1971 · Transfer) - ["Да здравствует Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза!": rooftop slogan, Moscow](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/moscow-kpss-rooftop-slogan-1975/) (Soviet Union · 1975 · Glittering generalities, Repetition and the illusory truth effect) - [TASS statement on the 'unidentified intruder' (Korean Air Lines Flight 007), FBIS Daily Report, 6 September 1983](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tass-statement-unidentified-intruder-kal007-1983/) (Soviet Union · Sep 6, 1983 · Card stacking, Whataboutism, Red herring, Gaslighting). Content note: Soviet state-agency statement on a civilian airliner shot down with 269 people aboard; the text calls the flight a 'pre-planned act' and omits its destruction. - [Radio Moscow World Service on the Chernobyl accident and U.S. reports, FBIS Daily Report, 1 May 1986](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/radio-moscow-chernobyl-us-reports-1986/) (Soviet Union · May 1, 1986 · Limited hangout, Whataboutism, Red herring, Gaslighting). Content note: Soviet radio commentary on the Chernobyl disaster that reports two deaths and attributes Western coverage to an 'order'; later assessments recorded far larger casualties. - [24. veebruaril valite vabaduse: Eesti Kongress (On 24 February choose freedom: Estonian Congress), election poster, 1990](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/eesti-kongress-valite-vabaduse-1990/) (Soviet Union · Feb 1990 · Glittering generalities) - [Выбери свободу! (Choose freedom!) T-shirt, Yeltsin campaign, 1996](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vote-or-lose-choose-freedom-tshirt-1996/) (Russia · 1996 · Glittering generalities) - [Acting President Putin presents awards to federal troops, Gudermes, 1 January 2000](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/putin-gudermes-awards-chechnya-2000/) (Russia · Jan 1, 2000 · Transfer) - [LDPR rally at the Georgian embassy, Moscow: 'Saakashvili = Hitler', 13 August 2008](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ldpr-saakashvili-hitler-rally-moscow-2008/) (Russia · Aug 13, 2008 · Name-calling). Content note: Hand-lettered protest signs equating a living political leader with Hitler. - [Russian Defence Ministry satellite image, MH17 briefing](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mh17-buk-briefing-image-2014/) (Russia · Jul 21, 2014 · Firehosing, Gaslighting) - ['Russian Ads on Facebook' (House Intelligence Committee exhibit)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ira-facebook-ads-hpsci-2018/) (Russia · 2016 · Astroturfing) - [President Putin in the Immortal Regiment column, Red Square, 9 May 2016](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/immortal-regiment-putin-red-square-2016/) (Russia · May 9, 2016 · Plain folks, Transfer) - ['Miners for Trump' rally poster (Internet Research Agency)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/miners-for-trump-ira-2016/) (Russia · Oct 2016 · Astroturfing) - ['Let's preserve our native culture and language' Pushkin 'Constitution 2020' billboard](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pushkin-constitution-2020-billboard-2020/) (Russia · Mar 21, 2020 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - ['Builders! The count is in minutes!' Sobyanin poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sobyanin-builders-poster-2020/) (Russia · Mar 21, 2020 · Transfer) - ['Heroes of Z: Our cause is just' Russian Ministry of Defence poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/geroi-z-nashe-delo-pravoe-mod-poster-2022/) (Russia · 2022 · Transfer, Glittering generalities) - ['Liquidation of the threat' Russian Ministry of Defence poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/likvidatsiya-ugrozy-mod-poster-2022/) (Russia · 2022 · Euphemism / doublespeak) - ['Fortune is always on the side of the brave' (P. I. Bagration) Russian Ministry of Defence poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/schaste-na-storone-otvazhnogo-bagration-mod-poster-2022/) (Russia · 2022 · Testimonial, Transfer) - ['Fidelity and devotion are not just words' Russian Ministry of Defence poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vernost-i-predannost-mod-poster-2022/) (Russia · 2022 · Glittering generalities) - [Address announcing a 'special military operation'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/special-military-operation-address-2022/) (Russia · Feb 24, 2022 · Euphemism / doublespeak, Semantic hijacking) - ['Z #заПутина' LED billboard](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/z-za-putina-billboard-2022/) (Russia · Sep 24, 2022 · Identity fusion). Content note: Pro-war 'Z' symbol supporting the Russian invasion of Ukraine; displaying it is restricted by law in some countries. - ['Gennady Rakitin,' an invented pro-war poet](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rakitin-ai-persona-2023/) (Russia · 2023 · Synthetic media, Astroturfing)