---
title: 'WW1 propaganda posters: who made them and how they worked'
url: https://propagandaarchive.org/ww1-propaganda-posters/
description: WWI propaganda posters by nation, the agencies behind them and the techniques they used, with sources and rights shown. One standard for all sides.
section: FRAME
---

![Illustration: a dossier collage of an intelligence briefing room with case files and behavioral-analysis notes on a chalkboard.](https://propagandaarchive.org/static/generated/hero-learn.jpg)

Collection

# WW1 propaganda posters: who made them and how they worked

WWI propaganda posters by nation, the agencies behind them and the techniques they used, with sources and rights shown. One standard for all sides.

1. [Home](https://propagandaarchive.org/)
2. [Collection](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/)
3. WW1 propaganda posters: who made them and how they worked

> **Content note.** This page discusses First World War atrocity claims, some later confirmed and some not, and shows posters that use the epithets of the period. They are shown as they were issued, as the evidence under study.

## Short answer

Every major belligerent used posters in the First World War, mostly for three jobs: recruiting soldiers, selling war bonds, and shaping conduct on the home front. The institutions differed. The United States ran a single federal agency, Britain divided the work between a party-led recruiting committee and a secret bureau aimed abroad, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, France and Russia leaned heavily on war-loan campaigns. The same few techniques appear on every side. Posters were one channel among several, and no source used here measures how many enlistments or subscriptions a particular poster produced. For posters from every period, see [propaganda posters](https://propagandaarchive.org/propaganda-posters/).

## How each belligerent ran it

**United States.** Executive Order 2594 created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) on 13 April 1917, a week after the declaration of war. Its chair George Creel wrote that the committee did not call its work propaganda, "for that word, in German hands, had come to be associated with deceit and corruption" [1]. Volunteer artists supplied posters for government departments and patriotic societies, with 1,438 drawings used, and 75,000 Four Minute Men gave 755,190 speeches, by the CPI's own count [1]. The Espionage and Sedition Acts were enforced against dissent in the same period. See [The Committee on Public Information: how the U.S. government sold the First World War at home (1917-1919)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/cpi-creel-committee/) and [Wartime censorship in the First World War: Britain, Germany, France and the United States](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/wwi-wartime-censorship/).

**United Kingdom.** Recruiting posters came from the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, whose presidents were the Prime Minister and the Conservative and Labour leaders, Bonar Law and Arthur Henderson [2]. Britain had no peacetime conscription, so it relied on volunteers until the Military Service Act of January 1916. Separately, Charles Masterman's War Propaganda Bureau at Wellington House worked from September 1914, mostly abroad and largely unannounced, placing books and pamphlets with commercial publishers [3]. The first body was open about its sponsor. The second was not. See [Wellington House and the Bryce Report: atrocity evidence, confirmed and unconfirmed (1914-1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bryce-report-1915/).

**Germany.** War-loan campaigns carried most of the poster effort. The Reich issued nine war bonds between 1915 and 1918, raising 98 billion marks, and the sixth loan in spring 1917 was backed by more than 1.4 million posters [4]. Abroad, the Foreign Office answered Allied charges with pamphlets and statements, including the scholars' manifesto of 1914 ([Germany answers back: the Manifesto of the 93 and the Lusitania medal (1914-1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/manifesto-of-the-93-1914/)).

**Austria-Hungary.** War loans were sold in the languages of the monarchy, as with the German and Czech issues of the 1917 seventh loan, while the army's press office managed news and correspondents ([Managing the news: France's 'bourrage de crâne' and Austria-Hungary's War Press Office (1914-1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bourrage-de-crane-1914-1918/)).

**France.** The government censored the press and sold the Second National Defence Loan of 1916 on Abel Faivre's "On les aura!" ([On les aura! 2e Emprunt de la Défense Nationale. Souscrivez (We'll get them! Second National Defence Loan. Subscribe)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/on-les-aura-1916/)). Soldiers named the resulting optimism *bourrage de crâne*, "skull-stuffing".

**Russia.** In 1914 Moscow's Segodniashnii Lubok issued satirical prints by Malevich and Lentulov with verses by Mayakovsky ([Подошёл колбасник к Лодзи (A Sausage-Maker Came to Łódź)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sausage-maker-came-to-lodz-1914/)); after the February Revolution of 1917 the Provisional Government sold a "Liberty Loan" ([Заём свободы. Война до победы (Liberty Loan. War until Victory)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917/)). Norris traces the lubok tradition through Russia's wars [5]. See [Russia's war of words: tsarist lubki, the Liberty Loan and the fight over 'German agents' (1914-1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/russia-1914-1918/).

Scale and setting differ. The American agency was one federal body created in 1917, when the European powers had been at war for more than two years. Britain's effort was split between a party committee and a bureau, and the German figures above cover only the war-loan campaigns. This page does not rank them.

## The recurring techniques

| Technique | Typical form on a 1914-1918 poster | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Fear appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/fear-appeal/) | A threat to family, and one remedy | [Remember Belgium — Enlist To-Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/remember-belgium-1915/) (UK) |
| [Transfer](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/transfer/) | A soldier's courage lent to a bond or an enlistment | [Helft uns siegen! Zeichnet die Kriegsanleihe (Help Us Win! Subscribe to the War Loan)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/helft-uns-siegen-1917/) (Germany) |
| [Name-calling](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/name-calling/) | An epithet in place of an account | [Halt the Hun! Buy U.S. Government Bonds, Third Liberty Loan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/halt-the-hun-1918/) (US) |
| [Card stacking](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/card-stacking/) | Benefits shown, costs and terms left out | [So hilft dein Geld Dir kämpfen! In U-Boote verwandelt, hält es Dir feindliche Granaten vom Leib! (This Is How Your Money Helps You Fight! Turned into U-boats, It Keeps Enemy Shells off Your Body!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/u-boote-kriegsanleihe-1917/) (Germany) |
| [Glittering generalities](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/glittering-generalities/) | "Liberty", "Peace" or "Fatherland" without terms | [Заём свободы. Война до победы (Liberty Loan. War until Victory)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917/) (Russia) |
| [Scapegoating](https://propagandaarchive.org/techniques/scapegoating/) | Blame placed on an enemy or a group | [Das ist der Weg zum Frieden, die Feinde wollen es so! Darum zeichne Kriegsanleihe! (That Is the Way to Peace, the Enemies Want It So! Therefore Subscribe to the War Loan!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/weg-zum-frieden-1917/) (Germany) |

In each row an emotion or a symbol is offered where a checkable claim could have been. Lasswell compared four governments' output in 1927 and found the same devices across them [6]. One poster can carry several techniques at once.

## Atrocity claims, as issued

The largest recurring subject was enemy atrocity, and it needs the record stated carefully. German troops killed about 6,500 Belgian and French civilians between August and October 1914, in mass shootings and burnings such as Dinant and Leuven, according to Horne and Kramer's study of German, Belgian, French, British and Italian archives; the same study found no documented case for stories such as children's severed hands [7]. The Bryce Report of May 1915 mixed the confirmed with the unconfirmed ([Wellington House and the Bryce Report: atrocity evidence, confirmed and unconfirmed (1914-1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/bryce-report-1915/)), and the British poster below lists both kinds of item together without distinguishing them. A poster's method is judged separately from the underlying event, as the archive does for every side.

Some claims were false. In April 1917 British newspapers reprinted a report that Germany rendered its dead soldiers for fat; the German government denied it, and in December 1925 the Foreign Secretary told the Commons the government accepted there had been no foundation for it [8]. Neander and Marlin trace how a German word for animal carcasses, *Kadaver*, was reread as a charge about human bodies [9]. See [The German 'corpse factory': a false atrocity story and its long afterlife (1917-1925)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/corpse-factory-1917/).

The German side answered too, denying the Belgian charges in 1914 and issuing the statistical chart below in 1916, which replies to accusations by comparing Germany, England and France on categories the chart itself selects. Both exchanges are covered in [Germany answers back: the Manifesto of the 93 and the Lusitania medal (1914-1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/case-studies/manifesto-of-the-93-1914/). Ponsonby collected stories he judged false from several countries in 1928 [10].

![Cold-Blooded Murder! Remember Germany's Crowning Infamy: text-only British recruiting poster listing charges that begin "Germans have"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/cold-blooded-murder-1915.jpg)

*[Cold-Blooded Murder! Remember Germany's Crowning Infamy](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cold-blooded-murder-1915/). United Kingdom, 1915, Parliamentary Recruiting Committee poster no. 97.*

![Sind wir die Barbaren? A statistical chart comparing Germany, England and France, issued to answer Allied atrocity claims](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/sind-wir-die-barbaren-1916.jpg)

*[Sind wir die Barbaren? (Are We the Barbarians?)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sind-wir-die-barbaren-1916/). German Empire, 1916, Imperial German government counter-propaganda, artist Louis Oppenheim.*

## Other sides at a glance

![Zaem svobody. Voina do pobedy: a Russian soldier unfurls a red banner reading "War until victory" above the words Liberty Loan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917.jpg)

*[Заём свободы. Война до победы (Liberty Loan. War until Victory)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917/). Russia, 1917, Provisional Government Liberty Loan campaign.*

![I Want You for U.S. Army: Uncle Sam points at the viewer](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/images/i-want-you-for-us-army-1917.jpg)

*[I Want You for U.S. Army](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/i-want-you-for-us-army-1917/). United States, 1917, U.S. Army recruiting, artist James Montgomery Flagg.*

## The collection

Every object in the collection with a First World War date appears below, listed by country. The list is generated from the archive's records and grows as objects are added. Only public-domain or openly licensed images are hosted, so the images shown here reflect what can be reproduced, not the full poster output of any country.

## From the collection: First World War

201 objects, listed by issuing country: United States 35, German Empire 31, United Kingdom 26, Austria Hungary 16, France 15, Canada 13, Australia 12, Kingdom of Italy 8, Russian Empire 6, Finland 4, Netherlands 3, Russia 3, Belgium 2, British India 2, Czechoslovak National Council 2, Empire of Japan 2, Estonia 2, Portuguese Republic 2, Switzerland 2, Transnational 2, Brazil 1, Bulgaria 1, Emirate of Mecca 1, Kingdom of Greece 1, Kingdom of Romania 1, Kingdom of Serbia 1, Lithuania 1, New Zealand 1, Ottoman Empire 1, Sweden 1, Ukrainian People Republic 1, Ukrainian State 1, Uruguay 1. This list is generated from the collection records, so it changes as objects are added.

### United States (35)

- [Enlist](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/enlist-lusitania-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal). Content note: A mother and infant drowning in the Lusitania sinking.
- [Vote Against Woman Suffrage](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/georgia-vote-against-woman-suffrage-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal, Bandwagon)
- ["Vote Yes for Woman Suffrage" poster stamp, New Jersey Next Campaign Committee (United States, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/new-jersey-next-vote-yes-suffrage-stamp-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- ["Women are too sentimental for jury duty" -- Anti-Suffrage argument (Puck cartoon)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/women-too-sentimental-jury-duty-puck-1915/) (Jan 23, 1915 · Whataboutism). Content note: Cartoon quoting an anti-suffrage argument about women's emotional fitness for jury duty, answered by showing weeping male jurors.
- [The New York Times, daily edition, front page (New York, May 8, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nyt-lusitania-sunk-1915-05-08/) (May 8, 1915 · Testimonial)
- ["I did not raise my girl to be a voter"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/puck-did-not-raise-my-girl-1915/) (Oct 9, 1915 · Transfer)
- [India's Martyrs (Ghadar Party handbill, San Francisco, 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ghadar-indias-martyrs-handbill-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [Save Serbia our ally: Serbian Relief Committee of America poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/save-serbia-our-ally-steinlen-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- ['The Great American Play at Last!' The Birth of a Nation, Lyric Theatre advertisement (Allentown, 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/birth-of-a-nation-lyric-ad-1916/) (Mar 18, 1916 · Bandwagon). Content note: Advertisement for a film that presents the Ku Klux Klan as heroic rescuers; the ad promotes the 'wild ride of the Ku Klux Klans' as a spectacle.
- [The Filipino People, monthly, article (Washington, D.C., August 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/the-filipino-people-man-who-embalmed-fitness-1916/) (Aug 1916 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities). Content note: Partisan colonial-politics editorial using epithets for opponents (slander, 'Herod from Harvard').
- [The Balance Sheet of British Rule in India (Hindustan-Gadar broadside)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/balance-sheet-british-rule-india-1917/) (1917 · Card stacking)
- [Destroy This Mad Brute — Enlist](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/destroy-this-mad-brute-1917/) (1917 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating, Transfer). Content note: Dehumanizing caricature of Germans as an ape, implied sexual violence and partial nudity.
- [שפייז וועט געווינען דיא קריעג! (Food Will Win the War!), Yiddish edition](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/food-will-win-the-war-yiddish-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [4 Minute Men: A Message from Washington](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/four-minute-men-message-from-washington-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Gee!! I Wish I Were a Man, I'd Join the Navy](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gee-i-wish-i-were-a-man-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [He Can't Put It Out](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/he-cant-put-it-out-1917/) (1917 · Bandwagon, Name-calling)
- [I Want You for U.S. Army](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/i-want-you-for-us-army-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Virginia Arnold \[holding Kaiser Wilson banner\]](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kaiser-wilson-banner-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Putting the mortgage on the cradle](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/mortgage-on-the-cradle-1917/) (1917 · Fear appeal)
- [Armia Polska we Francyi (Polish Army in France), recruiting poster by W. T. Benda, 1917](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/polish-army-france-recruiting-benda-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [The Black Stork (cinema advertisement)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/black-stork-1917/) (Nov 1917 · Glittering generalities, Transfer, Testimonial, Fear appeal). Content note: Advertises a film arguing that disabled newborns should be left to die, and calls them "defective infants".
- [Beat Back the Hun with Liberty Bonds](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/beat-back-the-hun-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: Dehumanizing caricature of Germans as an ape-like figure, and bloody imagery.
- [The Greatest Mother in the World: Red Cross Christmas Roll Call](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/greatest-mother-in-the-world-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Halt the Hun! Buy U.S. Government Bonds, Third Liberty Loan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/halt-the-hun-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Fear appeal). Content note: "Hun" epithet for Germans, and a German soldier seizing a half-clothed woman holding a child, implying sexual assault.
- [Pershing Says: The S.O.S. Shares the Success With Us](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pershing-says-sos-1918/) (1918 · Testimonial)
- [Pershing's Crusaders](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pershings-crusaders-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Remember Belgium. Buy Bonds. Fourth Liberty Loan](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/remember-belgium-buy-bonds-1918/) (1918 · Fear appeal, Transfer). Content note: A German soldier drags a girl past a burning town, implying abduction and sexual violence against a child.
- [Save Your Child from Autocracy and Poverty: Buy War Savings Stamps](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/save-your-child-from-autocracy-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Tell That to the Marines!](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tell-that-to-the-marines-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling). Content note: "Hun" epithet for Germans in a headline reporting the killing of women and children.
- [That Liberty Shall Not Perish from the Earth: Buy Liberty Bonds](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/that-liberty-shall-not-perish-1918/) (1918 · Fear appeal, Transfer)
- [Young India, monthly, front page (New York, January 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/young-india-home-rule-league-new-york-1918/) (Jan 1918 · Testimonial). Content note: No distressing content; political periodical cover.
- [New-York Tribune, front page, Third Liberty Loan opening (New York, 6 April 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/new-york-tribune-liberty-loan-opening-1918/) (Apr 6, 1918 · Bandwagon, Fear appeal). Content note: Wartime front page with enemy-naming headlines ('the Boche'), a cartoon of men with 'Liberty Bond' staves driving a figure on the ground, and a headline on a lynching.
- [Now for a round-up](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/now-for-a-round-up-iww-1918/) (May 9, 1918 · Name-calling, Transfer)
- [Sonntagsblatt der Abend-Post (Detroit), front page, 2 June 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/detroiter-abend-post-german-press-defence-1918/) (Jun 2, 1918 · Testimonial). Content note: German-language wartime front page; a wire headline in the lower columns uses period racial terminology.
- [The New York Times, daily edition, front page (New York, November 11, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nyt-armistice-signed-1918-11-11/) (Nov 11, 1918 · Card stacking)

### German Empire (31)

- [Serbische Küche: Besser 'ne Laus im Topf als gar kein Fleisch (Serbian Cuisine: Better a Louse in the Pot Than No Meat at All)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/serbische-kueche-postcard-1914/) (1914 · Name-calling). Content note: Ethnic caricature of Serbs as lice-ridden and short of food (German comic postcard, 1914).
- [Unser Kaiser an sein Volk (Our Emperor to His People)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unser-kaiser-an-sein-volk-1914/) (1914 · Transfer)
- [Au Peuple Belge! (von Emmich proclamation, with Allied caption strip)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/emmich-proclamation-au-peuple-belge-1914/) (Aug 4, 1914 · Fear appeal, Transfer)
- [Vossische Zeitung, Nr. 392, front page (Berlin, 5 August 1914): "England erklärt uns den Krieg"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vossische-zeitung-england-erklaert-uns-den-krieg-1914/) (Aug 5, 1914 · Card stacking)
- [Breisgauer Zeitung, Telegramme: "Die französische Armee geschlagen" (The French army beaten), August 1914](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/breisgauer-zeitung-franzoesische-armee-geschlagen-1914/) (Aug 21, 1914 · Card stacking, Transfer)
- [Ein Volk in Waffen gegen eine Welt in Waffen (A People in Arms against a World in Arms), Red Cross welfare postcard](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ein-volk-in-waffen-haeseler-red-cross-postcard-1914/) (Sep 11, 1914 · Testimonial, Transfer)
- [Berliner Tageblatt, evening edition, front page (Berlin, 22 September 1914): "Der Brand der Kathedrale von Reims"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/berliner-tageblatt-reims-cathedral-1914/) (Sep 22, 1914 · Whataboutism, Card stacking)
- [Bulgaren-Held (Bulgarian Hero)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bulgaren-held-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [Der neue Dreibund (The New Triple Alliance): postcard](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/der-neue-dreibund-postcard-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [Karl Goetz "Lusitania" medal (Germany, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/goetz-lusitania-medal-1915/) (1915 · Transfer). Content note: German satirical medal showing a sinking passenger liner and Death selling tickets, made after the 1915 sinking that killed over 1,100 people.
- [Kriegs-ABC (German children's war alphabet, letters A and B, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kriegs-abc-hachez-glaser-1915/) (1915 · Name-calling)
- [Veröffentlichungen des deutschen General-Gouvernements (Cavell notice, Brussels)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/general-gouvernement-cavell-notice-brussels-1915/) (Dec 2, 1915 · Whataboutism)
- [Gold gab ich zur Wehr, Eisen nahm ich zur Ehr (I Gave Gold for Defence, I Took Iron for Honour)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gold-gab-ich-zur-wehr-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [Sind wir die Barbaren? (Are We the Barbarians?)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sind-wir-die-barbaren-1916/) (1916 · Whataboutism, Card stacking)
- [کاوه (Kaveh), fortnightly, no. 1, front page (Berlin-Charlottenburg, 24 January 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kaveh-berlin-first-issue-1916/) (Jan 24, 1916 · Transfer). Content note: Wartime Persian-language nationalist newspaper front page with an illustration of armed men behind a banner; no graphic content.
- [Die beste Sparkasse: Kriegsanleihe! (The Best Savings Bank: War Loan!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/beste-sparkasse-kriegsanleihe-1917/) (1917 · Card stacking)
- [Die Fahnen flattern hoch im Wind! (The Flags Flutter High in the Wind!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/die-fahnen-flattern-1917/) (1917 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [Für die Kriegsanleihe! (For the War Loan!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/german-fuer-die-kriegsanleihe-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Zum Kampf auf's Letzte sind wir herausgefordert! (German poster, 1917, Anton Hoffmann)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/german-last-ditch-african-troops-poster-1917/) (1917 · Fear appeal). Content note: WWI German poster depicting an African soldier in French uniform as a threat, with a racial caricature style and the word 'Sklave'
- [Helft uns siegen! Zeichnet die Kriegsanleihe (Help Us Win! Subscribe to the War Loan)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/helft-uns-siegen-1917/) (1917 · Fear appeal, Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [Wer Kriegsanleihe zeichnet, macht mir die schönste Geburtstagsgabe! (Whoever Subscribes to the War Loan Gives Me the Finest Birthday Present!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/hindenburg-geburtstagsgabe-1917/) (1917 · Testimonial)
- [So hilft dein Geld Dir kämpfen! In U-Boote verwandelt, hält es Dir feindliche Granaten vom Leib! (This Is How Your Money Helps You Fight! Turned into U-boats, It Keeps Enemy Shells off Your Body!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/u-boote-kriegsanleihe-1917/) (1917 · Card stacking)
- [Das ist der Weg zum Frieden, die Feinde wollen es so! Darum zeichne Kriegsanleihe! (That Is the Way to Peace, the Enemies Want It So! Therefore Subscribe to the War Loan!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/weg-zum-frieden-1917/) (1917 · Glittering generalities, Scapegoating)
- [Zeichnet Kriegsanleihe (Subscribe to the War Loan), eagle and dove](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zeichnet-kriegsanleihe-sigrist-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Kolonial-Krieger-Spende. von Lettow-Vorbeck (Colonial Servicemen's Fund)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kolonial-krieger-spende-lettow-vorbeck-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Die 9. Kriegsanleihe! Deutschland hat ewigen Bestand (The 9th War Loan! Germany Has Eternal Existence)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/neunte-kriegsanleihe-baruch-strauss-1918/) (1918 · Glittering generalities)
- [Siegeszug durch Rumänien, Montanus-Markbücher Band 4 (Victory March through Romania)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/siegeszug-durch-rumaenien-montanus-1918/) (1918 · Testimonial, Glittering generalities)
- [Und Ihr? Zeichnet Kriegsanleihe (And You? Subscribe to the War Loan)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/und-ihr-zeichnet-kriegsanleihe-erler-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Was England will! (What England Wants!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/was-england-will-1918/) (1918 · Fear appeal, Card stacking)
- [Suomen Kansalle! (To the Finnish People!): German commander von der Goltz says German troops come as friends](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/german-goltz-suomen-kansalle-1918/) (Mar 1918 · Glittering generalities, Euphemism / doublespeak)
- [Die rote Fahne, Nr. 1, 2. Abend-Ausgabe, front page (Berlin, 9 November 1918): "Berlin unter der roten Fahne"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/die-rote-fahne-berlin-unter-der-roten-fahne-1918/) (Nov 9, 1918 · Bandwagon, Transfer)

### United Kingdom (26)

- ['Do your duty bravely. Fear God. Honour the King.' Lord Kitchener postcard (about 1914)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kitchener-duty-bravely-postcard/) (1914 · Testimonial, Transfer)
- [The Illustrated War News, 2 September 1914: "The Oxford of Belgium burnt by the German 'Huns'" (Louvain)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/iwn-louvain-huns-1914/) (Sep 2, 1914 · Name-calling, Transfer). Content note: Wartime British caption labelling German troops 'Huns' and describing the burning of Louvain, over a photograph of the town's skyline.
- [The Illustrated War News, 7 October 1914: "The Spy at Work", the innocent landscape "decoded"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/iwn-spy-at-work-landscape-code-1914/) (Oct 7, 1914 · Fear appeal). Content note: Wartime British drawing and caption warning that enemy spies hide harbour plans in landscape sketches.
- ["I hear they want more Bovril. My place is at the front" (Bovril poster, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bovril-my-place-is-at-the-front-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [3,000,000 Belgians are destitute in Belgium (Hassall)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/britain-belgians-destitute-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [Cold-Blooded Murder! Remember Germany's Crowning Infamy](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/cold-blooded-murder-1915/) (1915 · Card stacking, Name-calling, Fear appeal)
- [Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/daddy-what-did-you-do-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal)
- [The Empire Needs Men! The Overseas States All Answer the Call](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/empire-needs-men-lions-1915/) (1915 · Bandwagon, Transfer)
- [Ireland & Poland (recruiting appeal quoting the Rev. William P. Burke)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ireland-and-poland-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal, Testimonial)
- [Mr. John Dillon, M.P., on recruiting in Ireland. Join an Irish regiment to-day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/john-dillon-on-recruiting-in-ireland-1915/) (1915 · Testimonial, Semantic hijacking)
- [The Prime Minister's Advice to the Young Unmarried Men and Pledge to Married Men](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/prime-minister-advice-unmarried-men-1915/) (1915 · Testimonial)
- [Remember Belgium — Enlist To-Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/remember-belgium-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating, Transfer)
- [The "Scrap of Paper": Signatures and Seals of the 1839 Treaty, Enlist To-Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/scrap-of-paper-treaty-prc-1915/) (1915 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [The Serbian Relief Fund: Begs Aid for Our Brave Ally (1d charity stamp)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/serbian-relief-fund-begs-aid-stamp-1915/) (1915 · Glittering generalities)
- [Take Up the Sword of Justice. Join Now](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/take-up-the-sword-of-justice-1915/) (1915 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [Winox anti-German poster stamps: Zeppelin, Edith Cavell, "Kultur", Lusitania (Britain, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/winox-anti-german-poster-stamps-1915/) (1915 · Name-calling)
- [Have You Any Women-Folk Worth Defending? Remember the Women of Belgium. Join To-Day](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/women-folk-worth-defending-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal)
- [Let There Not Be a Man or a Woman Among Us Who... (The Prime Minister, May 4th 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/uk-not-idle-prime-minister-1915/) (May 4, 1915 · Glittering generalities)
- [The Woman's Dreadnought, 15 May 1915, p. 246: "Let Us Not Be Cowards" and "Whose Fiendish Devices?"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/womans-dreadnought-lusitania-fiendish-devices-1915/) (May 15, 1915 · Whataboutism). Content note: 1915 suffragette-paper text describing anti-German riot violence after the Lusitania sinking and the forcible feeding of imprisoned suffragettes.
- [Proclamation of the Irish Republic (Poblacht na hÉireann), Easter Rising](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/proclamation-of-the-irish-republic-1916/) (Apr 24, 1916 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [Irish War News, Vol. 1 No. 1, Dublin, 25 April 1916](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/irish-war-news-republic-1916/) (Apr 25, 1916 · Transfer). Content note: Insurgent newspaper issued during the 1916 Easter Rising, comparing British rule in Ireland to Prussian occupation.
- [Mecca, the Pilgrims' Way now made safe by the Arabs (The Graphic, 1 July 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/graphic-mecca-pilgrims-way-arab-revolt-map-1916/) (Jul 1, 1916 · Testimonial)
- [Die erste Million (The First Million), British balloon leaflet A.P. 74](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/british-balloon-leaflet-die-erste-million-1918/) (1918 · Bandwagon, Fear appeal)
- [Rumania's Day, poster for the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organisations, London, \[1918\]](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/rumanias-day-central-committee-1918/) (1918 · Glittering generalities). Content note: Caricature of Kaiser Wilhelm II in a spiked helmet, drawn scowling and pointing at a map.
- [Is Ireland a part of England? Vote for Sinn Fein (Sinn Féin publicity sheet, 1918 general election)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sinn-fein-election-poster-1918/) (1918 · Testimonial)
- [Ireland's Solemn League and Covenant: A National Pledge (anti-conscription, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/irelands-national-pledge-1918/) (Apr 1918 · Testimonial, Transfer)

### Austria Hungary (16)

- ['Frohe Weihnachten und glückliches Neujahr' Austro-Hungarian Christmas postcard (1914)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/frohe-weihnachten-kriegsjahr-postcard-1914/) (1914 · Plain folks)
- [A diadalmas magyar és bolgár seregek egyesülése Kladovónál (The Union of the Victorious Hungarian and Bulgarian Armies at Kladovo), bilingual postcard](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/muhlbeck-kladovo-hungarian-bulgarian-postcard-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [Illustrierte Kronen Zeitung, Nr. 5546, front page (Vienna, 10 June 1915): "Schwere Verluste der Italiener am Isonzo. Stanislau wieder in unserem Besitz"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/illustrierte-kronen-zeitung-airship-isonzo-1915/) (Jun 10, 1915 · Card stacking)
- [Zeichnet die fünfte Kriegsanleihe (Živnostenská banka, Prague)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/austria-fuenfte-kriegsanleihe-prag-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [Die vier hohen Verbündeten mit ihren ersten Heerführern (The Four High Allies with Their Foremost Commanders)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/die-vier-hohen-verbundeten-postcard-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [Kriegsfürsorge für die türkischen Truppen in Galizien (War Welfare for the Turkish Troops in Galicia)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kriegsfuersorge-tuerkische-truppen-galizien-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [Oklic / Kundmachung (Proclamation): Colonel-General Boroević's 60th birthday, Postojna (Adelsberg)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/boroevic-60th-birthday-notice-postojna-1916/) (Dec 7, 1916 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [I vy občané, vzhůru do boje! Upisujte 7. válečnou půjčku! (You too, citizens, on to the fight! Subscribe to the 7th War Loan!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/i-vy-obcane-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Бо війна війною (For War Is War), Sich Riflemen postcard series II](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kurylas-bo-viina-viinoiu-sich-riflemen-postcard-1917/) (1917 · Plain folks)
- [Zeichnet 7. Kriegsanleihe! Živnostenská Banka Filiale in Wien (Subscribe to the 7th War Loan! Živnostenská Banka, Vienna Branch)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zivnostenska-banka-7-kriegsanleihe-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Główny Komitet Ratunkowy w Lublinie, appeal to hand over surplus grain and potatoes, 17 May 1917](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/lublin-main-relief-committee-appeal-1917/) (May 17, 1917 · Fear appeal, Name-calling)
- [Kriegsanleihetag der Österreichischen Bühnen, 31 May 1917 (Th. Fasche)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/austria-kriegsanleihetag-buehnen-1917/) (May 31, 1917 · Testimonial, Bandwagon)
- [Ersatzmittel-Ausstellung, Wien, 1918 (Exhibition of Substitute Materials, Vienna, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ersatzmittel-ausstellung-wien-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Soldati italiani! (Austro-Hungarian leaflet on Trieste and Trento)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/soldati-italiani-austrian-leaflet-trieste-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Scapegoating)
- [Vaterland, Familie, Zukunft: 8. Kriegsanleihe (Fatherland, Family, Future: 8th War Loan)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vaterland-familie-zukunft-1918/) (1918 · Glittering generalities)
- [Kaiser Karl I, proclamation renouncing any share in state affairs, 11 November 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kaiser-karl-verzicht-1918/) (Nov 11, 1918 · Glittering generalities)

### France (15)

- [6e régiment d'infanterie battle-honour label (Éditions Delandre, about 1914-1917)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sixth-regiment-campaign-cinderella/) (1914 · Transfer)
- [Aux Femmes Françaises (To French Women) — government appeal, 6 August 1914](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/aux-femmes-francaises-viviani-1914/) (Aug 6, 1914 · Glittering generalities, Card stacking)
- [Banania "y'a bon" (advertising poster, Paris, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/banania-y-a-bon-poster-1915/) (1915 · Transfer). Content note: Racialised caricature of a Black colonial soldier, with the pidgin slogan 'y'a bon'.
- [La France / L'Allemagne: même dans le timbre-poste (France / Germany: even in the postage stamp)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/la-france-l-allemagne-timbre-poste-1915/) (1915 · Testimonial, Name-calling)
- [Le Canard enchaîné, no. 1, front page (Paris, 10 September 1915): "Pour faire un Journal en 1915"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/canard-enchaine-no1-1915/) (Sep 10, 1915 · Name-calling). Content note: Wartime French satirical front page that uses the slur 'Boches' for German journalists and lampoons censorship and the dailies' war reporting.
- [On les aura! 2e Emprunt de la Défense Nationale. Souscrivez (We'll get them! Second National Defence Loan. Subscribe)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/on-les-aura-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [La Journée Serbe, 25 juin 1916 (Charles Fouqueray)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/france-journee-serbe-kossovo-1916/) (Jun 25, 1916 · Transfer)
- [La puissance militaire de la France (Section cinématographique de l'armée)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/france-puissance-militaire-1917/) (1917 · Glittering generalities, Transfer)
- [Journée de l'armée d'Afrique et des troupes coloniales (Day of the Army of Africa and the Colonial Troops), Fouqueray](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/journee-armee-afrique-troupes-coloniales-fouqueray-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- ['Friends for ever' Franco-American postcard (France, January 1917)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/friends-for-ever-postcard-1917/) (Jan 1917 · Transfer)
- [Emprunt de la Libération: on souscrit à la Banque d'Alsace et de Lorraine (Hansi, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/banque-alsace-lorraine-emprunt-liberation-hansi-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Vive la France! (F. A. Crepaux)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/france-vive-la-france-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Italiens, souscrivez au 4ème Emprunt de la Défense Nationale (Banca Italiana di Sconto, Paris)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/italiens-souscrivez-banca-italiana-di-sconto-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [La paix de l'ennemi (Peace on the Enemy's Terms)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/la-paix-de-lennemi-prouve-1918/) (1918 · Fear appeal, Card stacking)
- [Le Rire rouge, no. 207, cover (Paris, 2 November 1918): "Grand Bazar de la Paix - Wilhelm Directeur"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/le-rire-rouge-grand-bazar-de-la-paix-1918/) (Nov 2, 1918 · Name-calling, Card stacking). Content note: WWI French satirical caricature of Kaiser Wilhelm II as a shopkeeper selling hostages and colonies.

### Canada (13)

- [Can I Afford to Pay for Freedom (Canadian Patriotic Fund)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/can-i-afford-canadian-patriotic-fund-1915/) (1915 · Fear appeal, Glittering generalities)
- [Canadiens-Français, enrolez-vous! Reformez les régiments de Voltigeurs de Salaberry (Canada)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/canadiens-francais-enrolez-vous-salaberry-1915/) (1915 · Transfer, Fear appeal)
- [We will uphold the priceless gem of liberty. Shall we help to crush tyranny? (Canadian recruiting poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/we-will-uphold-priceless-gem-of-liberty-canada-1915/) (1915 · Glittering generalities, Transfer)
- [Victoria Daily Times, daily edition, front page (Victoria, B.C., May 8, 1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/victoria-daily-times-lusitania-murdered-1915-05-08/) (May 8, 1915 · Name-calling, Testimonial). Content note: Newspaper front page using the words 'murdered', 'Savages' and 'Huns' for Germans, in a 1915 wartime headline.
- [Attendrons-nous que les nôtres brûlent? Enrôlons-nous dans le 178ième Bataillon Canadien Français](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/attendrons-nous-que-les-notres-brulent-178e-1916/) (1916 · Fear appeal, Transfer)
- [The Allies, 'Onward to Victory' (Canadian postcard, 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/onward-to-victory-allies-postcard-1916/) (1916 · Bandwagon)
- ['Buy Your Victory Bonds' Canadian Victory Loan poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/buy-your-victory-bonds-canada-1917/) (1917 · Transfer)
- [Our job is to beat the Hun. Vote Union Government (Canada, 1917 election)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/our-job-is-to-beat-the-hun-union-government-1917/) (1917 · Name-calling, Identity fusion). Content note: Ethnic slur ('Hun') for Germans in the slogan.
- [Canada's egg opportunity (Canada Food Board)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/canada-egg-opportunity-1918/) (1918 · Card stacking)
- [Elles servent la France. Tout le monde peut servir. Souscrivons à l'Emprunt de la Victoire (Canada)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/elles-servent-la-france-emprunt-de-la-victoire-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Faith in Canada: use it all for Victory Bonds (Canada, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/faith-in-canada-victory-bonds-1918/) (1918 · Glittering generalities, Transfer)
- [Victory Bonds will help stop this. Kultur vs. humanity (Canada)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/victory-bonds-kultur-vs-humanity-canada-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Transfer)
- [Victoria Daily Times, daily edition, front page (Victoria, B.C., November 11, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/victoria-daily-times-entente-triumphs-1918-11-11/) (Nov 11, 1918 · Glittering generalities, Name-calling)

### Australia (12)

- [Australia has promised Britain 50,000 more men; will you help us keep that promise](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/australia-50000-more-men-1915/) (1915 · Bandwagon, Transfer)
- ['Get a move on old man!' (Harry J. Weston, Sydney)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/australia-get-a-move-on-1915/) (1915 · Plain folks)
- [Australia's imperishable record. Australians! The empire needs you (Farmer's, Sydney)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/australias-imperishable-record-1915/) (1915 · Testimonial, Glittering generalities)
- ['Were YOU there then?' (Harry J. Weston)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/australia-were-you-there-then-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)
- [W. M. Hughes, M.H.R.: "In no circumstances would I agree to send men out of the country to fight against their will" (No-Conscription Campaign)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/in-no-circumstances-hughes-no-conscription-1916/) (1916 · Card stacking)
- [The Blood Vote (anti-conscription leaflet)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/the-blood-vote-anti-conscription-1916/) (1916 · Transfer, Fear appeal)
- [The Labor Call (Melbourne), 'The Same Old Enemies', page 6, 14 September 1916](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/labor-call-same-old-enemies-1916/) (Sep 14, 1916 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Anti-conscription article that calls employers, pastoralists, Tory parties and named politicians 'ruthless enemies of Labor' and uses 'Shylock' for war-loan lenders.
- [The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), page 12, referendum day, 28 October 1916: 'He's sticking to you to-day, will you stick to him?'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/daily-telegraph-referendum-day-yes-cartoon-1916/) (Oct 28, 1916 · Transfer, Bandwagon). Content note: Pro-conscription cartoon of a soldier at a trench parapet, plus a report of a speaker attacked and a chairman nearly lynched ('Hang the ----').
- [The Ballarat Courier, page 3, 13 December 1916: 'Huns' Slave Raids' and 'Huns Impose Heavy Levies'](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/ballarat-courier-huns-slave-raids-1916/) (Dec 13, 1916 · Name-calling). Content note: Headlines use 'Huns' as a label for Germans over wartime reports of civilian deportation and killings.
- [Reinforcements. Our scrap of paper, honor it. Vote Yes. Referendum (Australia, 1917)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/reinforcements-referendum-vote-yes-1917/) (1917 · Testimonial, Transfer)
- [? (The German Ogre), Norman Lindsay recruiting poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/question-mark-german-ogre-lindsay-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Fear appeal)
- [Will you fight now or wait for this (Australian recruiting poster, Norman Lindsay)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/will-you-fight-now-or-wait-for-this-1918/) (1918 · Fear appeal)

### Kingdom of Italy (8)

- [Gli autori dell'ecatombe Europea davanti alla Civiltà (The authors of the European hecatomb before Civilisation)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gli-autori-ecatombe-europea-ducci-1915/) (1915 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities). Content note: Chromolithograph showing corpses on a battlefield, a bloodied sword and burning ruins, with four rulers of the Central Powers shown as the cause; wartime enemy-leader caricature.
- [Il Popolo d'Italia, N. 343, front page, upper half (Milan, 11 December 1915): "L'ultimo conato parecchista alla Camera"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/il-popolo-d-italia-parecchisti-camera-1915/) (Dec 11, 1915 · Name-calling, Testimonial). Content note: Wartime front page that labels opposing deputies 'traitors of Italy' and calls on the country to rise against them.
- [Sottoscrivete al prestito (Subscribe to the Loan), Italia and the barbarian warrior](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sottoscrivete-al-prestito-capranesi-1917/) (1917 · Transfer, Name-calling). Content note: Enemy warrior drawn as a bearded barbarian in a winged helmet, being stabbed by a female national figure.
- [Armi della morte - armi per la vita! Sottoscrivete al prestito della vittoria (Weapons of death, weapons for life! Subscribe to the Victory Loan)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/armi-della-morte-prestito-1918/) (1918 · Glittering generalities, Transfer)
- [Finalmente!! (At Last!!), Italia with two kneeling women](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/finalmente-metlicovitz-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [Parlano di pace e nascondono il pugnale! (They Talk of Peace and Hide the Dagger!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/parlano-di-pace-nascondono-il-pugnale-borilli-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities)
- [...per la Patria i miei occhi! per la Pace il vostro denaro. Prestito Nazionale (For the Fatherland my eyes, for Peace your money)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/per-la-patria-i-miei-occhi-prestito-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- ['Viennesi!' tricolour leaflet dropped over Vienna in D'Annunzio's flight, 9 August 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/viennesi-volo-su-vienna-leaflet-1918/) (Aug 9, 1918 · Transfer, Bandwagon)

### Russian Empire (6)

- [Сдал австриец русским Львов (The Austrian Surrendered Lvov to the Russians)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/austrians-surrendered-lvov-1914/) (1914 · Name-calling)
- [Подошёл колбасник к Лодзи (A Sausage-Maker Came to Łódź)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sausage-maker-came-to-lodz-1914/) (1914 · Name-calling). Content note: The ethnic slur "kolbasnik" for Germans.
- [Сербскій національный гимнъ: В пользу раненых и больных воинов (Serbian National Hymn: In Aid of Wounded and Sick Soldiers)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/serbian-anthem-charity-postcard-russia-1914/) (1914 · Transfer)
- [Tēvuzemei grūti laiki (Hard times for the fatherland), postcard by Rihards Zariņš, 1916](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/latvian-tevuzemei-1916/) (1916 · Transfer, Fear appeal)
- [Военный 5½% заём (Russian War Loan postcard, 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/russian-war-loan-postcard-1916/) (1916 · Fear appeal)
- [Военный заём 5½% (War Loan, Cossack lancer poster)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/voenny-zaem-cossack-lancer-1916/) (1916 · Transfer)

### Finland (4)

- [Suomen Mies ja Nainen! Äänestä Kansallista Kokoomuspuoluetta! (political postcard of the National Coalition Party)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kokoomus-suomen-mies-ja-nainen-1918/) (1918 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)
- [Julistus (Proclamation): Red Guard committee denies rumours and orders rumour-spreaders arrested](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/punakaarti-julistus-huhut-1918/) (1918 · Identity fusion)
- [Sosialistijohdon pimitystyö (The obscurantism of the socialist leadership): anonymous anti-socialist broadsheet, 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sosialistijohdon-pimitystyo-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Scapegoating). Content note: Contains the pejorative 'ryssä' for Russians and dehumanising labels for political opponents ('villain bands', 'ringleader gang').
- [Pohjois-Karjalan kansalle (To the people of North Karelia): White staff proclamation, 30 January 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/pohjois-karjalan-esikunta-kuulutus-1918/) (Jan 30, 1918 · Bandwagon, Fear appeal). Content note: Wartime order threatening machine guns, artillery and martial law against named political opponents.

### Netherlands (3)

- [Aan de Nederl. Arbeidersklasse (SDAP and NVV manifesto calling a congress, Netherlands, November 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sdap-nvv-aan-de-arbeidersklasse-1918/) (1918 · Bandwagon)
- [Stemt Rood! Kiest de kandidaten der Soc. Dem. Arb. Partij (Vote Red! Choose the candidates of the Social Democratic Workers' Party), poster by Albert Hahn](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/stemt-rood-sdap-hahn-1918/) (1918 · Scapegoating, Fear appeal)
- [De Telegraaf, No. 10.295, morning edition, front page (Amsterdam, 14 November 1918): "De Troelstra-revolutie 'Made in Germany'"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/de-telegraaf-troelstra-made-in-germany-1918/) (Nov 14, 1918 · Scapegoating). Content note: Front-page headline attributing the 1918 Dutch socialist revolution attempt to Germany.

### Russia (3)

- [Заём свободы. Война до победы (Liberty Loan. War until Victory)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/zaem-svobody-voina-do-pobedy-1917/) (1917 · Glittering generalities, Transfer)
- [Kievlyanin, no. 252, front page (Kiev, 28 October 1917, old style): V. Shulgin's editorial and the "List No. 8" election appeal](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/kievlyanin-shulgin-list-8-1917/) (Oct 28, 1917 · Name-calling). Content note: Russian-nationalist editorial calling Lenin's seizure of power a 'mutiny' and Petrograd a 'German nest'.
- [Töö Lipp, front page (Tallinn, 17 November 1917 \[4 November Old Style\]): "Nimekiri nr. 1" (List No. 1)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/too-lipp-nimekiri-nr-1-1917/) (Nov 17, 1917 · Glittering generalities)

### Belgium (2)

- [Belgian Red Cross (donations poster, London)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/belgian-red-cross-buchel-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [La Libre Belgique, no. 7, front page (clandestine, Brussels, March 1915): "Bulletin de propagande patriotique"](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/la-libre-belgique-no-7-bulletin-de-propagande-patriotique-1915/) (Mar 1915 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities). Content note: WWI atrocity claims and pejorative labels for Germany ('colosse pangermaniste', 'barbare et feroce Kultur') in a Belgian resistance bulletin.

### British India (2)

- [यह सिपाही हिन्दुस्तान की हिफ़ाज़त कर रहा है (This Soldier Is Defending India), Indian Army recruiting poster, Bombay](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/indian-army-hindi-recruiting-poster-1914/) (1914 · Transfer)
- [اودھ کے برہمنوں اور راجپوتوں سے ایک اپیل (An Appeal to the Brahmins and Rajputs of Oudh)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/oudh-appeal-to-brahmins-and-rajputs-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Fear appeal, Testimonial, Transfer)

### Czechoslovak National Council (2)

- [Za naši samostatnost! Hrr na vraha! Za demokracii! Československá armáda (For our independence! Charge at the murderer! For democracy! Czechoslovak Army)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/za-nasi-samostatnost-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities). Content note: Stylised hand-to-hand combat between two soldiers; the enemy is labelled a 'murderer' in the headline.
- [Manifest k Československému lidu v Americe! (Manifesto to the Czechoslovak People in America), Chicago congress, 11 February 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/manifest-czechoslovak-people-america-chicago-1918/) (Feb 11, 1918 · Transfer, Glittering generalities)

### Empire of Japan (2)

- [The Perpetrators of the War, in Japan to Her Allies (Tokyo)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/japan-to-her-allies-perpetrators-of-the-war-1917/) (1917 · Name-calling, Card stacking)
- [官報 Kanpo (Official Gazette), extra, article '浦潮派兵ノ宣言' (Tokyo, 2 August 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/siberian-intervention-declaration-kanpo-1918/) (Aug 2, 1918 · Card stacking). Content note: Official wartime declaration justifying an overseas military intervention; characterises German and Austrian prisoners of war as persecutors; no graphic imagery.

### Estonia (2)

- [Vennad ruttu rahva väkke (Brothers, Hurry into the People's Force)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/vennad-ruttu-rahva-vakke-estonia-1918/) (1918 · Bandwagon)
- [Päewaleht, front page (Tallinn, 25 February 1918): "Manifest kõigile Eestimaa rahwastele" (Manifesto to All the Peoples of Estonia)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/paevaleht-manifest-eestimaa-1918/) (Feb 25, 1918 · Glittering generalities, Transfer)

### Portuguese Republic (2)

- [Portugal e a Gran Bretanha apertam as suas mãos de antigos aliados (Portugal and Great Britain Clasp Hands, Old Allies)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/portugal-e-a-gran-bretanha-postcard-1917/) (Jun 20, 1917 · Transfer)
- [Ultimo acto d'um valente (Last Act of a 'Brave Man'): Sidónio Pais and Afonso Costa](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sidonio-pais-ultimo-acto-valente-1918/) (1918 · Name-calling). Content note: Ridicule caricature of a political figure kneeling with a rosary at swordpoint.

### Switzerland (2)

- ["Propheten einer neuen Welt" (Nebelspalter cartoon, 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/nebelspalter-prophets-of-a-new-world-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)
- [An das arbeitende Volk der Schweiz! Aufruf zum Landesstreik (To the working people of Switzerland! Call for the general strike), 11 November 1918](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/landesstreik-aufruf-oltener-komitee-1918/) (Nov 11, 1918 · Bandwagon, Fear appeal)

### Transnational (2)

- ["Porte timbre de guerre des Alliés" poster stamp (Allied powers, 1914-1915)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/porte-timbre-de-guerre-des-allies-1915/) (1915 · Transfer)
- [Auch die Geduld hat ein Ende (Even Patience Has an End), German-language leaflet for German soldiers](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/allied-leaflet-auch-die-geduld-hat-ein-ende-1918/) (1918 · Scapegoating, Semantic hijacking)

### Brazil (1)

- [Revista da Semana, weekly, article 'Momento historico' (Rio de Janeiro, 14 April 1917)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/revista-da-semana-momento-historico-1917/) (Apr 14, 1917 · Name-calling). Content note: Wartime editorial calling Germany's conduct 'bloodthirsty', 'criminal' and 'treacherous'.

### Bulgaria (1)

- [Позивъ към земледѣлското население (Appeal to the Farming Population)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/bulgaria-appeal-to-farmers-1917/) (Jun 7, 1917 · Transfer, Fear appeal)

### Emirate of Mecca (1)

- [Proclamation to all our Muslim brothers (Sharif Hussein, Arab Revolt, 27 June 1916)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/sharif-hussein-proclamation-arab-revolt-1916/) (Jun 27, 1916 · Transfer)

### Kingdom of Greece (1)

- [Θέλεις και σὺ Καβάλλα; (Do You Want Kavala Too?)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/greece-theleis-kai-sy-kavalla-1917/) (1917 · Name-calling). Content note: Wartime caricature mocking a territorial claim over Kavala; the joke centres on a horse's hindquarters.

### Kingdom of Romania (1)

- [Frați Români, Bucurați-vă! (Romanian Brethren, Rejoice!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/frati-romani-leaflet-brasov-1916/) (1916 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon)

### Kingdom of Serbia (1)

- [Политика (Politika), front page (Belgrade, 6 September 1914): "Србија је победила!" (Serbia Has Won!)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/politika-6-september-1914/) (Sep 6, 1914 · Card stacking, Testimonial). Content note: Wartime front page carrying an unverified atrocity allegation against Austro-Hungarian troops and triumphal claims about enemy morale and losses.

### Lithuania (1)

- [Lietuvos aidas, No. 22, front page (Vilnius, 19 February 1918): "Lietuvos Taryba skelbia Lietuvos nepriklausomybę" (The Council of Lithuania Proclaims the Independence of Lithuania)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/lietuvos-aidas-nepriklausomybe-1918/) (Feb 19, 1918 · Glittering generalities)

### New Zealand (1)

- ['To New Zealand's Manhood' recruiting board manifesto](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/to-new-zealands-manhood-recruiting-board-1916/) (1916 · Fear appeal, Name-calling, Glittering generalities)

### Ottoman Empire (1)

- [Tasvir-i Efkar front page, 29 October 1915: Ottoman-Entente war anniversary](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/tasvir-i-efkar-war-anniversary-1915/) (Oct 29, 1915 · Transfer)

### Sweden (1)

- [Försvaret främst (Defence first), Swedish election poster by Gunnar Widholm, 1914](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/forsvaret-framst-widholm-1914/) (1914 · Fear appeal, Transfer)

### Ukrainian People Republic (1)

- [Братерство, рівність. Чу-чу! Гидь московська! (Fraternity, Equality. Shoo! Muscovite Filth!): Ukrainian People's Republic leaflet-poster](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/gyd-moskovska-upr-1917/) (1917 · Name-calling)

### Ukrainian State (1)

- [Державний кредитовий білет, 100 гривень (State Credit Note, 100 Hryven; legend 'Ukrainian People's Republic', 1918)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/unr-100-hryven-note-1918/) (1918 · Transfer)

### Uruguay (1)

- [Actualidad obrera: Como quisiera ver, el «socialista» Piria a sus obreros en huelga (Workers' Affairs: How I'd Like to See the "Socialist" Piria with His Striking Workers)](https://propagandaarchive.org/collection/actualidad-obrera-socialista-piria-el-hombre-1916/) (Nov 4, 1916 · Name-calling)

## How to read a war poster

1. **Who issued it?** Name the agency, as the captions above do. An open issuer is white propaganda; a concealed one, as with Wellington House's publishing, is closer to gray.
2. **What is offered in place of a claim?** A threat, a soldier, a virtue word.
3. **What is left out?** Terms, costs, dates and sources.
4. **Can the underlying event be checked?** Some could and were confirmed; some could not.
5. **Would the same test score the other side's poster the same way?** In this archive it does.

## Sources

1. Creel, G. (1920). *How We Advertised America*. New York: Macmillan. Text: https://web.mit.edu/21h.102/www/Creel,%20How%20We%20Advertised%20America.html
2. UK Parliament. (1915, 10 March). Parliamentary Recruiting Committee. *Hansard*, written answers. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/mar/10/parliamentary-recruiting-committee
3. Sanders, M. L., & Taylor, P. M. (1982). *British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914-18*. London: Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-05544-9 ; Messinger, G. S. (1992). *British Propaganda and the State in the First World War*. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
4. Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Virtual exhibition "100 Years First World War": War bonds, listings and calls for donations. https://erster-weltkrieg.dnb.de/WKI/Web/EN/Navigation/Propaganda-und-Zensur/Kriegsanleihezeichungen-in-der-Propaganda/kriegsanleihezeichungen-in-der-propaganda.html
5. Norris, S. M. (2006). *A War of Images: Russian Popular Prints, Wartime Culture, and National Identity, 1812-1945*. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. Review: https://networks.h-net.org/node/10000/reviews/10325/sigler-norris-war-images-russian-popular-prints-wartime-culture-and
6. Lasswell, H. D. (1927). *Propaganda Technique in the World War*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
7. Horne, J., & Kramer, A. (2001). *German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial*. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300107913/german-atrocities-1914/
8. UK Parliament. (1925, 2 December). German Government Denial (Chamberlain's reply on the "Kadaver story"). *Hansard*, Commons. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1925/dec/02/german-government-denial
9. Neander, J., & Marlin, R. (2010). Media and propaganda: The Northcliffe press and the corpse factory story of World War I. *Global Media Journal, Canadian Edition*, 3(2), 67-82. https://archive.org/details/media-and-propaganda-the-northcliffe-press-and-the-corpse-factory-story-of-world
10. Ponsonby, A. (1928). *Falsehood in War-Time*. London: George Allen & Unwin.