Forensic Research Archive of Manipulation and Exploitation
Illustration: a dossier collage of an intelligence briefing room with case files and behavioral-analysis notes on a chalkboard.

Collection

WW2 propaganda posters: how each side used them

WWII propaganda posters, radio and film from the Allies, the Axis and the Soviet Union, with techniques and sources shown. One standard for all sides.

Illustration, not an archive object

Content note. This page quotes antisemitic language from Nazi sources and describes racial imagery used by more than one side. It is quoted and described as the record shows it.

Short answer

Every major belligerent of 1939 to 1945 ran organised propaganda through posters, newsreels, film, radio and leaflets. The methods overlapped: fear of the enemy, unity slogans, secrecy warnings and appeals to sacrifice. The systems did not: Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet Union controlled press and broadcasting through the state, while Britain and the United States ran agencies, some openly labelled and some secret (such as Britain's Political Warfare Executive), inside wartime censorship and a press they did not own. Nazi propaganda also served a genocide, which no other propaganda service here did. This archive applies one definition to all of them: Doctrine (working definition). For posters from every period, see propaganda posters.

How each side ran it

United States. Executive Order 9182 created the Office of War Information (OWI) on 13 June 1942, merging four information offices [1]. Its Domestic Branch produced posters, pamphlets and films and reviewed Hollywood scripts. It was contested at home: in April 1943 senior writers resigned in protest at its direction, and Congress cut the branch back that summer [1]. See The Office of War Information's Domestic Branch, 1942-43, The U.S. Office of War Information and the Writers' War Board: a 'strategy of truth' meets the advertising men and Why We Fight: the U.S. Army's orientation films, 1942-1945. The 1942 exclusion of Japanese Americans from the West Coast took place in the year OWI was created ('Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry' (exclusion order posted in San Francisco)), and U.S. material about Japan often used racial caricature. Dower documents the racial framing on both sides of the Pacific war [2].

United Kingdom. The Ministry of Information opened on 4 September 1939. Its "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster was printed in almost 2.5 million copies and held back for a crisis, and Careless Talk Costs Lives began in February 1940 [3]. A separate, secret Political Warfare Executive (formed August 1941) ran black radio to Germany, starting with the "Gustav Siegfried Eins" station in May 1941, which claimed to be an illegal transmitter inside Germany, and forged documents and stamps [4]. See Britain's Ministry of Information and Political Warfare Executive: posters at home, black radio abroad and Wartime radio voices: open and hidden broadcasts aimed at the enemy, 1939-1945.

Nazi Germany. See the machinery section below: The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1933-1945.

Soviet Union. After the German invasion of 22 June 1941, a party-controlled chain (Agitprop, the Soviet Information Bureau, the Red Army's political administration, TASS) replaced class-war language with Russian national history [5]. TASS Window posters, stencilled by hand for shop windows, began on 27 June 1941 [6]. The same system denied the Katyn shootings in 1943; a 1990 TASS statement acknowledged that the NKVD had carried them out. Before the invasion, the 1939 to 1941 line had followed the Soviet-German pact. See Soviet wartime propaganda, 1939-1945: Sovinformburo, Agitprop and the Red Army press and Pravda, Izvestia and TASS: the institutional structure of the Soviet press monopoly, 1912-1991.

Japan. A Cabinet Information Bureau (from December 1940) set the line, censored the press and published a state photo weekly, while neighbourhood associations carried slogans and savings drives to households. Imperial headquarters' communiqués, such as the one on Midway, departed from what had happened, and defeats received new words such as gyokusai ("shattering like a jewel") [7]. See Imperial Japan's wartime propaganda at home: the Information Bureau, the neighbourhood associations and the war communiqués.

Italy. Mussolini's press office became the Ministry of Popular Culture in 1937. It sent editors daily written orders (veline), and a state newsreel was compulsory in cinemas [8]. See Fascist Italy's propaganda machine: from the Duce's Press Office to the Ministry of Popular Culture.

Recurring techniques

The same devices recur, though not equally on every side.

  • Fear of the enemy: Fear appeal. Examples include the TASS Window "What Hitler Wants," the U.S. "This Is the Enemy" poster, and the Japanese leaflet to Australian troops.
  • Unity and identity: Identity fusion and Transfer. Slogans such as "Luxury is the enemy" and "Total war" tied everyday acts to the nation.
  • Label for the enemy or an out-group: Name-calling and Scapegoating.
  • Cover words: Euphemism / doublespeak. Examples include "evacuation" in the U.S. exclusion orders and "resettlement" in German documents.
  • Selection and staging: Card stacking. The 1944 Theresienstadt visit is an example.
  • Blaming the target for one's own conduct: Accusation in a mirror.
  • Hidden source: Narrative laundering and Astroturfing. British black radio is an example.

Scale differs. British and U.S. agencies had rivals, legislators and a press outside their control, and their concealments were later documented (see the OWI and PWE pages above). The Axis and Soviet services had no such domestic rivals.

Nazi propaganda's machinery and the Holocaust record

The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda was created on 13 March 1933 under Joseph Goebbels [9]. The Reich Chamber of Culture, established in September 1933, made membership a condition of working in press, radio, film and the arts, and excluded Jews. A daily press conference gave editors their instructions. A cheap "people's receiver" radio (the Volksempfänger), launched in 1933, had limited range, and from 1 September 1939 deliberately listening to foreign broadcasts was a crime [10]. Films included Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph des Willens (1935) and, in 1940, Der ewige Jude. See Film under Goebbels: Triumph des Willens (1935) and Der ewige Jude (1940).

The record on the persecution of Jews is documented in detail at Nazi propaganda before and during the Holocaust, 1933-1945:

  • Der Stürmer. Julius Streicher's weekly ran antisemitic caricature and invented ritual-murder accusations under the masthead "Die Juden sind unser Unglück" ("The Jews are our misfortune"), and had a circulation of 600,000 in 1935, according to the Nuremberg tribunal [11].
  • 30 January 1939. Hitler told the Reichstag that another world war would end in "the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe."
  • 1941. The propaganda apparatus presented a self-published American pamphlet, Theodore Kaufman's Germany Must Perish!, as an official Jewish plan to destroy Germany, in the same months that deportations began [12].
  • 20 January 1942. The Wannsee protocol used "evacuation" and "final solution" for deportation and murder [13].
  • 23 June 1944. Before a Red Cross visit, the SS deported about 7,500 people from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz and beautified the ghetto. A propaganda film followed, and many of those who appeared in it were deported from September 1944 [14].
  • 1946. The tribunal convicted Streicher on Count Four, crimes against humanity, citing "the poison Streicher injected into the minds of thousands of Germans" [11].

The German state's own secret morale reports recorded where belief fell, notably after Stalingrad [9]. Scale, intent and outcome are not comparable with any other propaganda service on this page: no Allied, Soviet, Italian or Japanese service's output had a genocide as its object, though each ran campaigns documented in the case studies with their own harms.

From the collection

Four collection objects, one each from the United States, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan.

Office of War Information poster No. 76, 1943, "This Is the Enemy": a hand with a swastika armband drives a bayonet through a Bible

United States, 1943. Office of War Information, Poster No. 76. A swastika-armbanded hand and a Bible stand for the enemy; the poster names no place or event.

The Berlin Sportpalast during Goebbels's "total war" speech of 18 February 1943, under a banner reading "Total war - shortest war"

Nazi Germany, 1943. Reich Propaganda Ministry and NSDAP Gau Berlin. Goebbels's Sportpalast rally, with an invited audience, broadcast on radio and shown in the newsreel. Bundesarchiv, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE.

Content note: Caricature of Hitler with a swastika. This object is shown as it was published. Why Muscovites reading TASS Window No. 5, "What Hitler Wants", in a shop window in Moscow, July 1941

Soviet Union, 1941. TASS Window studio, Moscow. Window No. 5, drawn by Mikhail Cheremnykh, read by passers-by weeks after the German invasion. Photo A. V. Ustinov, Moscow Main Archive, CC BY 4.0.

Standing street sign in Tokyo, 1940, reading "Luxury is the enemy!" beside a "Serve the rise of Asia" banner

Japan, 1940. National Spiritual Mobilization Movement headquarters, Tokyo. One of about 1,500 signs put up from 1 August 1940 after a ban on luxury goods.

The generated list below comes from the archive's records and grows as objects are added. Only public-domain or openly licensed images are hosted, so what appears reflects licensing, not the historical record. The case studies linked above document each side in full, including sides with few or no images here.

From the collection: Second World War

500 objects, listed by issuing country: United Kingdom 234, United States 98, Empire of Japan 48, Nazi Germany 19, Soviet Union 16, Australia 14, Netherlands 11, China 8, Provisional Government of Free India 8, Finland 6, General Government 5, Canada 3, Romania 3, Slovak Republic 3, Vichy France 3, Independent State of Croatia 2, Kingdom of Hungary 2, Portugal 2, Spain 2, Yugoslavia 2, Belgium 1, Dutch East Indies 1, Fascist Italy 1, Free France 1, Kingdom of Greece 1, Manchukuo 1, New Zealand 1, Poland 1, Sweden 1, Thailand 1, Transnational 1. This list is generated from the collection records, so it changes as objects are added.

United Kingdom (234)

Are You One of These? 80 Absentees - 80 Tons Lost or One Tank Less (Ssh - Don't Wake Him)Are You One of These? 80 Absentees - 80 Tons Lost or One Tank Less (Ssh - Don't Wake Him)1939 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent note'Askari wetu washinda Wajapani / Smash the Japs!' (British poster for East Africa)'Askari wetu washinda Wajapani / Smash the Japs!' (British poster for East Africa)1939 · Name-callingContent note'ATS: Cook for the Troops' (British Auxiliary Territorial Service poster)'ATS: Cook for the Troops' (British Auxiliary Territorial Service poster)1939 · Glittering generalitiesATS in the BakeriesATS in the Bakeries1939 · Plain folks, TransferBattle for Fuel: Exhibition on How to Save Fuel - a coal mine comes to town (Lewis's)Battle for Fuel: Exhibition on How to Save Fuel - a coal mine comes to town (Lewis's)1939 · TransferBattle for Fuel: Use Less Coal & CokeBattle for Fuel: Use Less Coal & Coke1939 · Semantic hijackingBattle! How WE are helping in the BattleBattle! How WE are helping in the Battle1939 · Identity fusion, TransferBattle! How WE are helping in the Battle: Hurricanes must have Zinc and Sulphuric AcidBattle! How WE are helping in the Battle: Hurricanes must have Zinc and Sulphuric Acid1939 · TransferPlease Bring Your Books Here - National Book Recovery and Salvage Appeal, Official DepotPlease Bring Your Books Here - National Book Recovery and Salvage Appeal, Official Depot1939 · TransferAre You a Skilled Artisan Desiring Promotion to the Rank of Acting Armament Staff Serjeant?Are You a Skilled Artisan Desiring Promotion to the Rank of Acting Armament Staff Serjeant?1939 · Glittering generalitiesBritain has sent to Russia ... Our Products Fight on Russian Fronts!Britain has sent to Russia ... Our Products Fight on Russian Fronts!1939 · Card stackingBritain's Mechanised Army on the March: Keep Going with War SavingsBritain's Mechanised Army on the March: Keep Going with War Savings1939 · TransferBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler - Britain Has a Far More Powerful Fleet Than the EnemyBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler - Britain Has a Far More Powerful Fleet Than the Enemy1939 · Card stacking, TransferBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler - Britain is Building 30,000 Tanks to Destroy Her EnemiesBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler - Britain is Building 30,000 Tanks to Destroy Her Enemies1939 · Card stacking, Fear appealClean Rags - Dirty Rags - All Are Wanted!Clean Rags - Dirty Rags - All Are Wanted!1939 · Plain folksA Clear Plate Means a Clear Conscience: Don't Take More Than You Can EatA Clear Plate Means a Clear Conscience: Don't Take More Than You Can Eat1939 · Fear appealClouds Can Help (Air Diagram No. 1293-2/40)Clouds Can Help (Air Diagram No. 1293-2/40)1939 · Card stacking'Convoy your country to victory: buy Defence Bonds' (British National Savings poster)'Convoy your country to victory: buy Defence Bonds' (British National Savings poster)1939 · TransferCrack for Victory: Your palm kernels when cracked help to feed the Empire's fighting menCrack for Victory: Your palm kernels when cracked help to feed the Empire's fighting men1939 · Glittering generalities, TransferContent note'Dig for Victory' (British Ministry of Agriculture poster, child with spade)'Dig for Victory' (British Ministry of Agriculture poster, child with spade)1939 · Glittering generalitiesDon't Waste Kitchen Scraps: The Nation Needs Them NowDon't Waste Kitchen Scraps: The Nation Needs Them Now1939 · Identity fusionEat Greens for Health - Feed Right to Feel RightEat Greens for Health - Feed Right to Feel Right1939 · Glittering generalitiesElectrical Work is War WorkElectrical Work is War Work1939 · TransferEvery Rivet a Bullet - Speed the ShipsEvery Rivet a Bullet - Speed the Ships1939 · TransferFood is a munition of war: don't waste itFood is a munition of war: don't waste it1939 · TransferFront-Line Breakdowns Can Lose Battles - That's Why Our Workmanship CountsFront-Line Breakdowns Can Lose Battles - That's Why Our Workmanship Counts1939 · Fear appeal, Identity fusionOfficial Instructions Issued by the Ministry of Home Security - Gas AttackOfficial Instructions Issued by the Ministry of Home Security - Gas Attack1939 · Fear appealGuard Against VD: Venereal DiseaseGuard Against VD: Venereal Disease1939 · Identity fusion, Fear appealHelp Britain Finish the Job!Help Britain Finish the Job!1939 · Transfer, Card stackingHe's in the Silent Service - Are You?He's in the Silent Service - Are You?1939 · Transfer, BandwagonOur High Explosives are Beating the U-BoatsOur High Explosives are Beating the U-Boats1939 · Card stacking'My Struggle!' by Adolf Hitler, the sculptor (British poster in Arabic)'My Struggle!' by Adolf Hitler, the sculptor (British poster in Arabic)1939 · TransferContent noteHow Your Salvage Helps to Make a Rescue LaunchHow Your Salvage Helps to Make a Rescue Launch1939 · TransferI am on War Work, Do Not Hinder Me! Send Your Greetings by LetterI am on War Work, Do Not Hinder Me! Send Your Greetings by Letter1939 · TransferI Need Your RagsI Need Your Rags1939 · TransferKeep Calm and Carry OnKeep Calm and Carry On1939 · TransferKeep It Dark: Careless Talk Costs LivesKeep It Dark: Careless Talk Costs Lives1939 · Fear appeal'Keep it under your hat!' Careless Talk Costs Lives'Keep it under your hat!' Careless Talk Costs Lives1939 · Fear appealLend a Hand on the LandLend a Hand on the Land1939 · Fear appealLend a Hand With War SavingsLend a Hand With War Savings1939 · Transfer'Let 'em all come: Home Defence Battalions, men 41-55' (British Army recruiting poster)'Let 'em all come: Home Defence Battalions, men 41-55' (British Army recruiting poster)1939 · Plain folksNext Winter's Milk Supply for Children and Nursing Mothers Depends on This Season's Hay: Make Hay While the Sun ShinesNext Winter's Milk Supply for Children and Nursing Mothers Depends on This Season's Hay: Make Hay While the Sun Shines1939 · Plain folksMosquito Bulletin No. 1: Our Target is their SuccessMosquito Bulletin No. 1: Our Target is their Success1939 · Card stackingMothers let them go - give them a chance of greater safety and health (Ministry of Health Evacuation Scheme)Mothers let them go - give them a chance of greater safety and health (Ministry of Health Evacuation Scheme)1939 · Glittering generalities"Now Up At Our Works..." He Talked... ...This Happened - Careless Talk Costs Lives"Now Up At Our Works..." He Talked... ...This Happened - Careless Talk Costs Lives1939 · Fear appealOrder it now! Store Fuel for Next WinterOrder it now! Store Fuel for Next Winter1939 · Plain folksPlan and Grow for Winter: Summer Glut Leaves Winter Short, Take Warning Now and Don't Get CaughtPlan and Grow for Winter: Summer Glut Leaves Winter Short, Take Warning Now and Don't Get Caught1939 · Fear appealPut your trust in the Navy & your money in Savings CertificatesPut your trust in the Navy & your money in Savings Certificates1939 · TransferRadiolocation - Train with the Army or with the A.T.S.Radiolocation - Train with the Army or with the A.T.S.1939 · Fear appealReinforce Children's Clothes: They Will Last Twice as LongReinforce Children's Clothes: They Will Last Twice as Long1939 · Plain folksA Savings Group is a Victory GroupA Savings Group is a Victory Group1939 · TransferTake a Pride in Being Fighting FitTake a Pride in Being Fighting Fit1939 · Identity fusion, Transfer3,000 Children Die From it Every Year3,000 Children Die From it Every Year1939 · Fear appealAccidents with AmmunitionAccidents with Ammunition1939 · Fear appealAction Stations: The A.T.S. Go to War - Salute Them with War SavingsAction Stations: The A.T.S. Go to War - Salute Them with War Savings1939 · TransferAddress Your Letters PlainlyAddress Your Letters Plainly1939 · Plain folksLetters to the Forces and the Merchant Navy (Airgraphs get priority)Letters to the Forces and the Merchant Navy (Airgraphs get priority)1939 · Card stackingArmy Exhibition: Come and see the equipment of a DivisionArmy Exhibition: Come and see the equipment of a Division1939 · Card stackingATS as Signal OperatorsATS as Signal Operators1939 · Glittering generalitiesATS at the WheelATS at the Wheel1939 · TransferATS - Be Active - Be UsefulATS - Be Active - Be Useful1939 · Glittering generalitiesATS Carry the MessagesATS Carry the Messages1939 · TransferA.T.S.: For Information Ask at Any Army or A.T.S. Recruiting Centre or at the Nearest Employment ExchangeA.T.S.: For Information Ask at Any Army or A.T.S. Recruiting Centre or at the Nearest Employment Exchange1939 · TransferEvery Member of the ATS Learns a Job That Will Help Her to Earn Her Living in the Post-War WorldEvery Member of the ATS Learns a Job That Will Help Her to Earn Her Living in the Post-War World1939 · Card stackingBritain's New Airborne Army Goes into Action in Europe - Back Them Up!Britain's New Airborne Army Goes into Action in Europe - Back Them Up!1939 · TransferBeware: Never give away the movements of H.M. ShipsBeware: Never give away the movements of H.M. Ships1939 · Name-calling, Fear appealBeware the Squander BugBeware the Squander Bug1939 · Fear appeal, Name-callingBlood donors are needed urgently to save lives (Emergency Blood Transfusion Service)Blood donors are needed urgently to save lives (Emergency Blood Transfusion Service)1939 · TransferBlood Donors Now - 30 Minutes of Your Time, a Lifetime to Somebody ElseBlood Donors Now - 30 Minutes of Your Time, a Lifetime to Somebody Else1939 · Card stackingBlood Donors Wanted - Your Blood Can Save the Life of Someone...SomewhereBlood Donors Wanted - Your Blood Can Save the Life of Someone...Somewhere1939 · Identity fusionBones Help to Fire the Guns - Put Out More Bones and Save More ShipsBones Help to Fire the Guns - Put Out More Bones and Save More Ships1939 · TransferBristles Are Scarce, Brushes Are Precious (Ministry of Supply No. 114)Bristles Are Scarce, Brushes Are Precious (Ministry of Supply No. 114)1939 · Plain folksBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler - Britain's Air Force is Now Stronger than Hitler'sBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler - Britain's Air Force is Now Stronger than Hitler's1939 · Card stacking, Glittering generalitiesBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler: More and More Guns Come Daily from the British FactoriesBritish Weapons to Defeat Hitler: More and More Guns Come Daily from the British Factories1939 · Card stackingCamouflage Nets: Baffle the HunCamouflage Nets: Baffle the Hun1939 · Name-callingCan I Do Without It? Less Shopping Means More Shipping!Can I Do Without It? Less Shopping Means More Shipping!1939 · Card stackingCarry Your Identity Card AlwaysCarry Your Identity Card Always1939 · TransferChoose for Victory - Try a V Dish To-DayChoose for Victory - Try a V Dish To-Day1939 · Glittering generalitiesCut It Out and Lend What You Save Through War SavingsCut It Out and Lend What You Save Through War Savings1939 · TransferCut the last three inches of your loaf this wayCut the last three inches of your loaf this way1939 · Plain folksDiphtheria is deadly - Immunisation is the safeguardDiphtheria is deadly - Immunisation is the safeguard1939 · Fear appeal, TransferDiphtheria is one of the most deadly children's diseasesDiphtheria is one of the most deadly children's diseases1939 · Fear appealDiphtheria Causes Unnecessary Suffering and AnxietyDiphtheria Causes Unnecessary Suffering and Anxiety1939 · Fear appealDomestic Front: Make-Do and Mend (Household & Clothes Economy Exhibition)Domestic Front: Make-Do and Mend (Household & Clothes Economy Exhibition)1939 · Plain folksDon't Burn Up the Miles: it burns up your tyresDon't Burn Up the Miles: it burns up your tyres1939 · Card stackingFarmers All Over the Country Need All the Help Available to Gather This Year's Vital Harvest - Free Ships for the Second FrontFarmers All Over the Country Need All the Help Available to Gather This Year's Vital Harvest - Free Ships for the Second Front1939 · TransferField-Marshal 'Potato Pete'Field-Marshal 'Potato Pete'1939 · TransferFight the Moth - It's the moth grub that does the damageFight the Moth - It's the moth grub that does the damage1939 · Plain folksFrom 1 to 5 Years Is the Vital PeriodFrom 1 to 5 Years Is the Vital Period1939 · Fear appealThe Germs of this Disease are EverywhereThe Germs of this Disease are Everywhere1939 · Fear appealGive 'Em Both BarrelsGive 'Em Both Barrels1939 · TransferGoing Ashore? Keep what you know to yourself (English, Greek, Dutch, Norwegian, French)Going Ashore? Keep what you know to yourself (English, Greek, Dutch, Norwegian, French)1939 · Fear appealGood Arc Welders Watch - Good Welds Help Win the War!Good Arc Welders Watch - Good Welds Help Win the War!1939 · TransferEvery Available Piece of Land Must Be Cultivated - Grow Your Own Food - Supply Your Own CookhouseEvery Available Piece of Land Must Be Cultivated - Grow Your Own Food - Supply Your Own Cookhouse1939 · Glittering generalitiesGrow Your Own Food [2]Grow Your Own Food [2]1939 · Glittering generalitiesGrow Your Own Food [1]Grow Your Own Food [1]1939 · Plain folksA Gun For Every Job - Buy War Savings - Hit the TargetA Gun For Every Job - Buy War Savings - Hit the Target1939 · Transfer, Card stackingHe Needs Our 'Ammo' to Shoot Down HunsHe Needs Our 'Ammo' to Shoot Down Huns1939 · Name-callingHelp Britain Finish the Job!Help Britain Finish the Job!1939 · Card stackingHelp the City Children - making a new home for Evacuees is a National ServiceHelp the City Children - making a new home for Evacuees is a National Service1939 · Glittering generalities, Fear appealIf you can't go to the factory help the neighbour who canIf you can't go to the factory help the neighbour who can1939 · Plain folks, Identity fusionHis Rifle Will Fire - Will Mine?His Rifle Will Fire - Will Mine?1939 · Fear appealHow Good Drivers Save Their Tyres and Serve Their CountryHow Good Drivers Save Their Tyres and Serve Their Country1939 · TransferHow to Get Free ImmunisationHow to Get Free Immunisation1939 · Glittering generalitiesHow to Tackle a Fire BombHow to Tackle a Fire Bomb1939 · Plain folksI Need Bones for ExplosivesI Need Bones for Explosives1939 · TransferI Need Your Scrap MetalI Need Your Scrap Metal1939 · Transfer, Card stackingI'm Fighting Food Says Potato PeteI'm Fighting Food Says Potato Pete1939 · Plain folks, TransferI'm Looking for You - Fever - MalariaI'm Looking for You - Fever - Malaria1939 · Fear appealImmunisation Is the Only SafeguardImmunisation Is the Only Safeguard1939 · Testimonial, Fear appealImmunisation Is Simple, Safe & FreeImmunisation Is Simple, Safe & Free1939 · Card stackingIs Your Child Protected?Is Your Child Protected?1939 · Fear appealJoin the Wrens: and free a man for the fleet (Women's Royal Naval Service)Join the Wrens: and free a man for the fleet (Women's Royal Naval Service)1939 · TransferWomen's Royal Naval Service - Join the WrensWomen's Royal Naval Service - Join the Wrens1939 · TransferKeep a Guard on What You Say..Keep a Guard on What You Say..1939 · Fear appealKeep It Up: Save and Lend Through the Post Office Savings Bank and Trustee Savings BanksKeep It Up: Save and Lend Through the Post Office Savings Bank and Trustee Savings Banks1939 · TransferLack of Vitamins Can Strangle His HealthLack of Vitamins Can Strangle His Health1939 · Fear appealLake Transport in AfricaLake Transport in Africa1939 · Card stackingContent noteLearning to be Doctors in FijiLearning to be Doctors in Fiji1939 · Card stackingContent note'lend a hand on the land''lend a hand on the land'1939 · Identity fusionLend to Defend His Right to be Free - Buy National Savings CertificatesLend to Defend His Right to be Free - Buy National Savings Certificates1939 · Glittering generalitiesLetters for the Forces & Merchant Navy: airgraphs are the cheapest form of air communicationLetters for the Forces & Merchant Navy: airgraphs are the cheapest form of air communication1939 · Card stackingLetters for the Forces in the Middle East and BeyondLetters for the Forces in the Middle East and Beyond1939 · Card stackingMightier Yet! Britain's Mechanised Army grows stronger every dayMightier Yet! Britain's Mechanised Army grows stronger every day1939 · Glittering generalities, BandwagonMinistry of Supply - Service SpeakersMinistry of Supply - Service Speakers1939 · Transfer'More Ships - Come on!' War Savings are Warships'More Ships - Come on!' War Savings are Warships1939 · TransferNational Book Recovery and Salvage Appeal: Take your unwanted Books to the Receiving DepotNational Book Recovery and Salvage Appeal: Take your unwanted Books to the Receiving Depot1939 · Transfer'National Day of Prayer: Put your trust in God, as I do' (His Majesty the King)'National Day of Prayer: Put your trust in God, as I do' (His Majesty the King)1939 · Testimonial, TransferNational Savings for Victory (nest of eggs with savings stamps)National Savings for Victory (nest of eggs with savings stamps)1939 · TransferNever Scrape or Bump the KerbNever Scrape or Bump the Kerb1939 · Fear appealNo Child, However Good its Health and Home, is SafeNo Child, However Good its Health and Home, is Safe1939 · Fear appealNo Spares - No 'AmmoNo Spares - No 'Ammo1939 · Plain folksNow That Our Men Have Landed on Enemy Soil Surely No One Will Endanger Their Supply of Vital Munitions by Taking Unnecessary JourneysNow That Our Men Have Landed on Enemy Soil Surely No One Will Endanger Their Supply of Vital Munitions by Taking Unnecessary Journeys1939 · Transfer, Fear appealO God Our Help... We lift our living nation a single sword to theeO God Our Help... We lift our living nation a single sword to thee1939 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesPut Out Your Old Hot Water Bottle for SalvagePut Out Your Old Hot Water Bottle for Salvage1939 · Plain folksParaffin Economy: Use Less and Waste NoneParaffin Economy: Use Less and Waste None1939 · Identity fusionPersonal CleanlinessPersonal Cleanliness1939 · Identity fusionPlan and Grow for Winter: Winter Fruits from Overseas Have Now to be Replaced by ThesePlan and Grow for Winter: Winter Fruits from Overseas Have Now to be Replaced by These1939 · Card stackingPlan and Grow for Winter: Planned Crops for Garden Wealth, Assure the Family's Winter HealthPlan and Grow for Winter: Planned Crops for Garden Wealth, Assure the Family's Winter Health1939 · Plain folksPost Office Telegraphists at War Work - Telegraph LessPost Office Telegraphists at War Work - Telegraph Less1939 · TransferPotatoes - the Nation's Iron Ration (Make Sure of a Full Plate)Potatoes - the Nation's Iron Ration (Make Sure of a Full Plate)1939 · Plain folksPrivate Scrap builds a bomber (exhibition)Private Scrap builds a bomber (exhibition)1939 · Plain folksPut Out More Salvage and Save More ShippingPut Out More Salvage and Save More Shipping1939 · Card stackingPut Out Your Old Motor Tyre for SalvagePut Out Your Old Motor Tyre for Salvage1939 · Card stackingPut Out Your Old Rubber Boots for SalvagePut Out Your Old Rubber Boots for Salvage1939 · Plain folksPut Out Your Waste Rubber for SalvagePut Out Your Waste Rubber for Salvage1939 · Plain folksPut Your Share Out Into War Savings and Share in VictoryPut Your Share Out Into War Savings and Share in Victory1939 · Glittering generalities, TransferRags Make BlanketsRags Make Blankets1939 · TransferRags Make Machine WipersRags Make Machine Wipers1939 · TransferRags Make Navy ChartsRags Make Navy Charts1939 · TransferRags Make UniformsRags Make Uniforms1939 · Plain folks"Raise the Standard" of War Savings"Raise the Standard" of War Savings1939 · TransferRelease More Coal for the War DriveRelease More Coal for the War Drive1939 · TransferShell Containers from Waste Paper: Put Out More Waste Paper, It Will Save More ShippingShell Containers from Waste Paper: Put Out More Waste Paper, It Will Save More Shipping1939 · TransferAre You Sufficiently Skilled in Your Trade to Earn a Higher Trade Rate?Are You Sufficiently Skilled in Your Trade to Earn a Higher Trade Rate?1939 · Card stackingThank You, says the soldier: Caring for Evacuees is a National ServiceThank You, says the soldier: Caring for Evacuees is a National Service1939 · TestimonialGive thanks to the everyday heroes of Britain's Merchant NavyGive thanks to the everyday heroes of Britain's Merchant Navy1939 · Glittering generalities, Plain folksOn the Road to Recovery - Thanks to You Blood DonorOn the Road to Recovery - Thanks to You Blood Donor1939 · Plain folksWork for a Record Harvest: Only by frequent hoeing can weeds be destroyedWork for a Record Harvest: Only by frequent hoeing can weeds be destroyed1939 · BandwagonVentilate Your QuartersVentilate Your Quarters1939 · Glittering generalitiesYou Know More Than Other PeopleYou Know More Than Other People1939 · Fear appeal, Glittering generalitiesYour Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us VictoryYour Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory1939 · Glittering generalities, Transfer'Your courage, your cheerfulness, your resolution will bring us victory' (British Ministry of Information poster)'Your courage, your cheerfulness, your resolution will bring us victory' (British Ministry of Information poster)1939 · Glittering generalities, TransferYour Tin makes ENGINE PARTS for army lorries: Thank you Nigeria!Your Tin makes ENGINE PARTS for army lorries: Thank you Nigeria!1939 · TransferContent noteA British Cruiser Ramming an Italian Submarine in the Mediterranean - Back Them Up!A British Cruiser Ramming an Italian Submarine in the Mediterranean - Back Them Up!1940 · Card stacking'Better pot-luck with Churchill today than humble pie under Hitler tomorrow' (British Ministry of Food poster)'Better pot-luck with Churchill today than humble pie under Hitler tomorrow' (British Ministry of Food poster)1940 · Fear appealContent noteCareless Talk Costs Lives: "...strictly between these four walls!"Careless Talk Costs Lives: "...strictly between these four walls!"1940 · Fear appealCheck Their Identity by the A.B. 64: Soldiers and A.T.S.Check Their Identity by the A.B. 64: Soldiers and A.T.S.1940 · Fear appeal'Dig for Victory' banner across the Royal Exchange, London, used as a Ministry of Information poster site'Dig for Victory' banner across the Royal Exchange, London, used as a Ministry of Information poster site1940 · Glittering generalities, TransferDo You Know the Recognition Signal?Do You Know the Recognition Signal?1940 · Fear appealFall in the fire-bomb fighters! (Herbert Morrison)Fall in the fire-bomb fighters! (Herbert Morrison)1940 · TestimonialHydraulics - Safety First (Air Diagram 1298)Hydraulics - Safety First (Air Diagram 1298)1940 · Fear appealTaxying - The Necessity for Good Look-OutTaxying - The Necessity for Good Look-Out1940 · Fear appealIn the Mediterranean, British Submarines Have Caused Great Havoc to Axis Shipping - Back Them Up!In the Mediterranean, British Submarines Have Caused Great Havoc to Axis Shipping - Back Them Up!1940 · Card stacking, TransferBeware of the Hun in the SunBeware of the Hun in the Sun1940 · Name-callingIs he killing time ... or killing Nazis - Spares may decideIs he killing time ... or killing Nazis - Spares may decide1940 · Transfer, Name-calling"Let Us Go Forward Together" (Churchill photograph poster)"Let Us Go Forward Together" (Churchill photograph poster)1940 · Glittering generalities, Transfer"Never Was So Much Owed by So Many to So Few" (The Prime Minister)"Never Was So Much Owed by So Many to So Few" (The Prime Minister)1940 · Testimonial, TransferSafety Height for Bombing (Air Diagram No. 1295)Safety Height for Bombing (Air Diagram No. 1295)1940 · Fear appealLiberté (Belgian flag, 'Unity of Strength' design)Liberté (Belgian flag, 'Unity of Strength' design)1940 · Glittering generalities, TransferWolkiger Beobachter, Luftpost-Ausgabe, 1. Jahrgang Nr. 7 (Cloudy Observer, air-mail edition, front page)Wolkiger Beobachter, Luftpost-Ausgabe, 1. Jahrgang Nr. 7 (Cloudy Observer, air-mail edition, front page)1940 · Glittering generalities, Card stackingContent note'A stitch in time saves coupons' (British Board of Trade clothes-rationing poster)'A stitch in time saves coupons' (British Board of Trade clothes-rationing poster)1941 · Plain folksAircraft of the R.A.F., Some Famous Types - IIAircraft of the R.A.F., Some Famous Types - II1941 · Card stackingBeware Mushroomed ToolsBeware Mushroomed Tools1941 · Fear appealEcco i vostri alleati (Here Are Your Allies): British propaganda booklet for ItalyEcco i vostri alleati (Here Are Your Allies): British propaganda booklet for Italy1941 · Name-calling, TransferContent note'Feeding 45 Millions: Food Convoy' (British Ministry of Information poster)'Feeding 45 Millions: Food Convoy' (British Ministry of Information poster)1941 · TransferFreedom Shall Prevail!Freedom Shall Prevail!1941 · Glittering generalities, Bandwagon, TransferHow to Make Your Household Linens Last LongerHow to Make Your Household Linens Last Longer1941 · TransferSheer CarelessnessSheer Carelessness1941 · Fear appealAircraft of the R.A.F.: Some Famous Types - IAircraft of the R.A.F.: Some Famous Types - I1941 · Card stackingThe bombing in daylight of the power station at Knapsack, Germany, by the Royal Air Force - Back Them Up!The bombing in daylight of the power station at Knapsack, Germany, by the Royal Air Force - Back Them Up!1941 · Card stackingBritish Field-Guns Smash a German Tank Attack at Point-Blank Range in Libya - Back Them Up!British Field-Guns Smash a German Tank Attack at Point-Blank Range in Libya - Back Them Up!1941 · Card stackingBack Them Up! (capture of U 570 by a Lockheed Hudson)Back Them Up! (capture of U 570 by a Lockheed Hudson)1941 · TransferPause when you go out into the dark to let your eyes get used to the Black-outPause when you go out into the dark to let your eyes get used to the Black-out1941 · TransferRetailers' Pooled Delivery ServiceRetailers' Pooled Delivery Service1941 · TransferThe Straggler Invites AttackThe Straggler Invites Attack1941 · Fear appealLuftpost No. 8, 9 July 1941: "Amerikanische Truppen in Island!" and "Drei Mächte - ein Kriegsziel!"Luftpost No. 8, 9 July 1941: "Amerikanische Truppen in Island!" and "Drei Mächte - ein Kriegsziel!"Jul 9, 1941 · Testimonial, Bandwagon, Name-callingContent noteLuftpost No. 16, 2 September 1941: "Es gibt kein Zurück!" and "Der Weg der Pimpfe"Luftpost No. 16, 2 September 1941: "Es gibt kein Zurück!" and "Der Weg der Pimpfe"Sep 2, 1941 · Card stacking, Fear appeal, Name-callingContent noteArmoured Cars are Battle SpearheadArmoured Cars are Battle Spearhead1942 · TestimonialAve Caesar! Morituri te salutant (British leaflet to Italy)Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant (British leaflet to Italy)1942 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteBattle for Fuel: Turn It Down When You Are Warm (Use Less Gas)Battle for Fuel: Turn It Down When You Are Warm (Use Less Gas)1942 · Transfer'A Grã-Bretanha, Defensora da Liberdade' (British poster in Portuguese)'A Grã-Bretanha, Defensora da Liberdade' (British poster in Portuguese)1942 · Glittering generalitiesFuel Economy in the Foundry - Hints to Foremen for Saving Fuel - Save Fuel for Battle!Fuel Economy in the Foundry - Hints to Foremen for Saving Fuel - Save Fuel for Battle!1942 · TransferNotice: Rags, Rope and String Must Not Be Destroyed, Thrown Away or Mixed With RefuseNotice: Rags, Rope and String Must Not Be Destroyed, Thrown Away or Mixed With Refuse1942 · Fear appealAccidents are Bottlenecks - Prevent ThemAccidents are Bottlenecks - Prevent Them1942 · TransferAirborne ForcesAirborne Forces1942 · TransferBack Them Up! (Stirling bombers raid Lübeck)Back Them Up! (Stirling bombers raid Lübeck)1942 · TransferBravo! British ShipyardsBravo! British Shipyards1942 · TransferThe Man Who Wasted Power! Don't Be Fuel-ishThe Man Who Wasted Power! Don't Be Fuel-ish1942 · BandwagonIt Does Matter: Country Pays For It - Don't Waste Here the Fuel You Save at Home!It Does Matter: Country Pays For It - Don't Waste Here the Fuel You Save at Home!1942 · Plain folks, TransferDon't Waste Here the Fuel You Save at HomeDon't Waste Here the Fuel You Save at Home1942 · BandwagonFence or guard all openingsFence or guard all openings1942 · Fear appealHeadache for Hitler: It Takes More Than 12 Tons of Coal to Make This TorpedoHeadache for Hitler: It Takes More Than 12 Tons of Coal to Make This Torpedo1942 · TransferThe Man Who Wasted Gas! Don't Be Fuel-ishThe Man Who Wasted Gas! Don't Be Fuel-ish1942 · BandwagonThe Man Who Wasted Gas! Don't Be Fuel-ishThe Man Who Wasted Gas! Don't Be Fuel-ish1942 · Name-calling, TransferThe Man Who Would Not Close the Doors - Don't Be Fuel-ishThe Man Who Would Not Close the Doors - Don't Be Fuel-ish1942 · Fear appeal, Semantic hijackingA Message for Us!A Message for Us!1942 · TransferNotice: Waste Rubber Must Not Be Destroyed, Thrown Away or Mixed With RefuseNotice: Waste Rubber Must Not Be Destroyed, Thrown Away or Mixed With Refuse1942 · TransferOutcrop Workers! A Reserve of Coal is as Important as a Reserve of ShellsOutcrop Workers! A Reserve of Coal is as Important as a Reserve of Shells1942 · TransferSwitch Off - Stop It - Turn Off - Save Fuel for Battle!Switch Off - Stop It - Turn Off - Save Fuel for Battle!1942 · TransferPrivate Scrap Goes to the Front: A Salvage Exhibition at Charing Cross Underground StationPrivate Scrap Goes to the Front: A Salvage Exhibition at Charing Cross Underground Station1942 · TransferFor You to Produce Cold Someone Must Burn Fuel - Save Fuel for Battle!For You to Produce Cold Someone Must Burn Fuel - Save Fuel for Battle!1942 · TransferHow You Can Save Fuel in the Foundry - Ten Rules for the Foundry ManHow You Can Save Fuel in the Foundry - Ten Rules for the Foundry Man1942 · TransferNotice: Waste Paper and Cardboard Must Not Be Destroyed, Thrown Away or Mixed With RefuseNotice: Waste Paper and Cardboard Must Not Be Destroyed, Thrown Away or Mixed With Refuse1942 · Fear appealThe Worker Who Left the Lights On! Don't Be Fuel-ishThe Worker Who Left the Lights On! Don't Be Fuel-ish1942 · Bandwagon, Plain folksHimmler-head forgery of the 6-pfennig Deutsches Reich stampHimmler-head forgery of the 6-pfennig Deutsches Reich stamp1943 · Transfer, Narrative launderingSepsis: Get First AidSepsis: Get First Aid1943 · Fear appealAsking For ItAsking For It1943 · Fear appeal'Wer hatte recht?' ('Who was right?') (Allied leaflet to Germany)'Wer hatte recht?' ('Who was right?') (Allied leaflet to Germany)1943 · Card stackingForged Winterhilfswerk stamp booklet (British black propaganda for Germany)Forged Winterhilfswerk stamp booklet (British black propaganda for Germany)1943 · Transfer, Narrative launderingContent noteBack the Boys with War Savings: Save at least a Bob in the Pound every Pay Day [3]Back the Boys with War Savings: Save at least a Bob in the Pound every Pay Day [3]1944 · Identity fusion, Plain folksBack the Boys with War Savings: Save at least a Bob in the Pound every Pay DayBack the Boys with War Savings: Save at least a Bob in the Pound every Pay Day1944 · TransferBack the Boys with War Savings: Save at Least a Bob in the Pound Every Pay Day (bomb loading)Back the Boys with War Savings: Save at Least a Bob in the Pound Every Pay Day (bomb loading)1944 · Transfer, Plain folksNachrichten für die Truppe, No. 358, 9 April 1945Nachrichten für die Truppe, No. 358, 9 April 1945Apr 9, 1945 · Transfer, Card stacking

United States (98)

Salvage Scrap to Blast the JapSalvage Scrap to Blast the Jap1941 · Name-callingContent noteThe Daily Alaska Empire, daily edition, front page (Juneau, Alaska Territory, 1941-06-23)The Daily Alaska Empire, daily edition, front page (Juneau, Alaska Territory, June 23, 1941)Jun 23, 1941 · Card stackingThe Daily Alaska Empire, war extra, front page (Juneau, Alaska Territory, 7 December 1941): 'JAPS ATTACK HONOLULU AND MANILA'The Daily Alaska Empire, war extra, front page (Juneau, Alaska Territory, 7 December 1941): 'JAPS ATTACK HONOLULU AND MANILA'Dec 7, 1941 · Name-callingContent noteThe Daily Alaska Empire, daily edition, front page (Juneau, Alaska Territory, 1941-12-08)The Daily Alaska Empire, daily edition, front page (Juneau, Alaska Territory, December 8, 1941)Dec 8, 1941 · Name-calling, Card stackingContent noteAlaska - Death-Trap for the JapAlaska - Death-Trap for the Jap1942 · Name-callingContent noteAvenge December 7Avenge December 71942 · TransferDon't Let That Shadow Touch Them: Buy War BondsDon't Let That Shadow Touch Them: Buy War Bonds1942 · Fear appeal, TransferContent noteDrive the Japs from the Aleutians! Our Bullets Will Do It!Drive the Japs from the Aleutians! Our Bullets Will Do It!1942 · Name-callingContent noteEnemy Ears Are Listening (OWI Poster No. 5)Enemy Ears Are Listening (OWI Poster No. 5)1942 · Fear appealHe's Watching YouHe's Watching You1942 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating, TransferHit 'Em with Copper, Zinc, LeadHit 'Em with Copper, Zinc, Lead1942 · Name-callingContent note"Jap Trap": Material Conservation (Douglas Aircraft poster)"Jap Trap": Material Conservation (Douglas Aircraft poster)1942 · Name-callingContent noteLet Me Do the Talking! Serve in SilenceLet Me Do the Talking! Serve in Silence1942 · TransferWe Are United Nations: Unity Is Strength (Life wartime poster, part 12)We Are United Nations: Unity Is Strength (Life wartime poster, part 12)1942 · TransferLoose Lips Might Sink ShipsLoose Lips Might Sink Ships1942 · Fear appeal, Card stackingMore Production (Snowball over the Axis Leaders)More Production (Snowball over the Axis Leaders)1942 · Name-callingContent noteMurder in Cold Blood: Let's Force the Japs to Pay (TCOP Poster Studio)Murder in Cold Blood: Let's Force the Japs to Pay (TCOP Poster Studio)1942 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteOuch! The Japs Don't Like MosquitoesOuch! The Japs Don't Like Mosquitoes1942 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteRemember Dec. 7th!Remember Dec. 7th!1942 · TransferRemember Pearl Harbor. Enlist Now! United States Coast GuardRemember Pearl Harbor. Enlist Now! United States Coast Guard1942 · Fear appealRight in Der Führer's Face! Invest Now... Buy More BondsRight in Der Führer's Face! Invest Now... Buy More Bonds1942 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteSomeone Talked!Someone Talked!1942 · Fear appealThis Is Nazi BrutalityThis Is Nazi Brutality1942 · Fear appealContent noteThis Man Is Your Friend: Chinese. He Fights for FreedomThis Man Is Your Friend: Chinese. He Fights for Freedom1942 · Glittering generalities, TransferThis Man Is Your Friend: Russian. He Fights for FreedomThis Man Is Your Friend: Russian. He Fights for Freedom1942 · Glittering generalities, TransferTokio Kid Say: If Not Working Hard for "E's" (poster no. 714)Tokio Kid Say: If Not Working Hard for "E's" (poster no. 714)1942 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteTokio Kid Say: Oh So Joyful for Mishap (Douglas Aircraft poster)Tokio Kid Say: Oh So Joyful for Mishap (Douglas Aircraft poster)1942 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteTokio Kid Say: Rivets on Floor (Douglas Aircraft poster no. 812)Tokio Kid Say: Rivets on Floor (Douglas Aircraft poster no. 812)1942 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteTomorrow May Be Too Late!Tomorrow May Be Too Late!1942 · Fear appealContent noteWanted! For Murder — Her Careless Talk Costs LivesWanted! For Murder — Her Careless Talk Costs Lives1942 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating, Card stackingWar Bonds Will Keep Him PunchingWar Bonds Will Keep Him Punching1942 · Name-callingContent noteWhat Do You Say, America? (Admiral Yamamoto quotation)What Do You Say, America? (Admiral Yamamoto quotation)1942 · Fear appeal, Card stacking'I am an American' sign in the window of the Wanto Co. store, Oakland'I am an American' sign in the window of the Wanto Co. store, OaklandMar 1942 · Transfer'Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry' (exclusion order posted in San Francisco)'Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry' (exclusion order posted in San Francisco)Apr 11, 1942 · Euphemism / doublespeakAll the Ear-Marks of a Sneaky Jap!All the Ear-Marks of a Sneaky Jap!1943 · Name-calling, ScapegoatingContent noteUnited We Are Strong, United We Will WinUnited We Are Strong, United We Will Win1943 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesAmericans Will Always Fight for LibertyAmericans Will Always Fight for Liberty1943 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesBits of Careless Talk Are Pieced Together by the EnemyBits of Careless Talk Are Pieced Together by the Enemy1943 · Fear appeal, TransferContent noteChina Fights OnChina Fights On1943 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesHon. Spy Say: Thanks for the Can You Throw Away!Hon. Spy Say: Thanks for the Can You Throw Away!1943 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteHurry That Ship Along, Will You? And Give Us Another Crack at the Japs!Hurry That Ship Along, Will You? And Give Us Another Crack at the Japs!1943 · Name-callingContent noteJapanese Relocation (Office of War Information film), opening text cardJapanese Relocation (Office of War Information film), opening text card1943 · Euphemism / doublespeakJappy So-o-o Happy When This Happens to You (Navy Department Safety Poster)Jappy So-o-o Happy When This Happens to You (Navy Department Safety Poster)1943 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteJaps Execute Doolittle Men. We'll Pay You Back TojoJaps Execute Doolittle Men. We'll Pay You Back Tojo1943 · Name-calling, Outrage baitContent noteKeep Punching ... in the Battle of Production: Beat Your PromiseKeep Punching ... in the Battle of Production: Beat Your Promise1943 · Name-callingContent noteLet's Fly This Flag: Everybody at Least 10 Percent in War BondsLet's Fly This Flag: Everybody at Least 10 Percent in War Bonds1943 · BandwagonMake His Nightmare Come True!Make His Nightmare Come True!1943 · Name-callingContent noteMake Your Own Declaration of War: Buy War BondsMake Your Own Declaration of War: Buy War Bonds1943 · TransferMaterials Are Precious! Let's Make Every Piece Count!Materials Are Precious! Let's Make Every Piece Count!1943 · Name-callingContent noteThe More Women at Work the Sooner We Win!The More Women at Work the Sooner We Win!1943 · Plain folks, Glittering generalitiesNap and Help a Jap: 'Careless Carl' Greases His TruckNap and Help a Jap: 'Careless Carl' Greases His Truck1943 · Name-calling, Identity fusionContent noteNavy Men Who Buy War Bonds Help Break the Japs (Admiral Halsey)Navy Men Who Buy War Bonds Help Break the Japs (Admiral Halsey)1943 · Testimonial, Name-callingContent notePut the Squeeze on the Japanese: Beat Your PromisePut the Squeeze on the Japanese: Beat Your Promise1943 · Name-callingContent noteWhen You Ride Alone, You Ride with HitlerWhen You Ride Alone, You Ride with Hitler1943 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteShe May Look Clean—ButShe May Look Clean—But1943 · Fear appeal, ScapegoatingThank You So Much, American Soldier, for Wasting Food (Help Tojo Win War)Thank You So Much, American Soldier, for Wasting Food (Help Tojo Win War)1943 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteThe Jap Way: Cold-Blooded Murder. We'll Make Them Pay If You Keep Up ProductionThe Jap Way: Cold-Blooded Murder. We'll Make Them Pay If You Keep Up Production1943 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteThe Jig is Up If You Keep Buying War BondsThe Jig is Up If You Keep Buying War Bonds1943 · Name-callingContent noteThis Is the EnemyThis Is the Enemy1943 · Scapegoating, Transfer, Fear appealContent noteThis Isn't War... It's Murder (U.S. Army Official Poster)This Isn't War... It's Murder (U.S. Army Official Poster)1943 · Outrage bait, Name-callingContent noteUnited We WinUnited We Win1943 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesU.S. Bonds. Axis Bonds. Take Your ChoiceU.S. Bonds. Axis Bonds. Take Your Choice1943 · Fear appeal, Name-calling, TransferContent note戰機萬架 掃蕩三島 (Ten Thousand Warplanes Sweep the Three Islands), U.S. Office of War Information poster in Chinese戰機萬架 掃蕩三島 (Ten Thousand Warplanes Sweep the Three Islands), U.S. Office of War Information poster in Chinese1943 · BandwagonWe Can Do It!We Can Do It!1943 · Glittering generalities, Plain folks"We'll Lick 'Em - Just Give Us the Stuff!""We'll Lick 'Em - Just Give Us the Stuff!"1943 · Plain folksContent noteWhy We Fight: The Battle of Britain (film frame)Why We Fight: The Battle of Britain (film frame)1943 · Sleeper effectCatania, Sicily: reading Allied news under U.S. and British flags, 1943Catania, Sicily: reading Allied news under U.S. and British flags, 1943Sep 1943 · Transfer, Card stackingAward for Careless TalkAward for Careless Talk1944 · Fear appeal, TransferContent noteTango no sekku (Boys' Day) carp-banner leaflet (I07-J-1)Tango no sekku (Boys' Day) carp-banner leaflet (I07-J-1)1944 · TransferBuy This Man a Hari-Kari Kit on December 7, 1944Buy This Man a Hari-Kari Kit on December 7, 19441944 · Name-callingContent noteHe Can't Forget Pearl Harbor - Can You? Buy BondsHe Can't Forget Pearl Harbor - Can You? Buy Bonds1944 · TransferJap... You're Next! We'll Finish the Job! (U.S. Army, James Montgomery Flagg)Jap... You're Next! We'll Finish the Job! (U.S. Army, James Montgomery Flagg)1944 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteJapan's Life Line (leaflet 10-J-1, MacArthur and Nimitz cutting the supply lines)Japan's Life Line (leaflet 10-J-1, MacArthur and Nimitz cutting the supply lines)1944 · Fear appealThe Operation of Democracy (Minshushugi no un'yo), Japanese-language U.S. posterThe Operation of Democracy (Minshushugi no un'yo), Japanese-language U.S. poster1944 · Glittering generalities, BandwagonNext! (Japan) 6th War LoanNext! (Japan) 6th War Loan1944 · Transfer...Remember Me? I'm Still Fighting You! (Official Navy Poster)...Remember Me? I'm Still Fighting You! (Official Navy Poster)1944 · Fear appeal, Card stackingContent noteSo the Jap's a Snap? I Can't See It (U.S. Army Official Poster)So the Jap's a Snap? I Can't See It (U.S. Army Official Poster)1944 · Testimonial, Name-callingContent noteWhat Are You Going to Do About It? Stay on the Job Until Every Murdering Jap Is Wiped Out!What Are You Going to Do About It? Stay on the Job Until Every Murdering Jap Is Wiped Out!1944 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteThe Avenger's Shadow: More Metal for U.S. Planes, Tanks, GunsThe Avenger's Shadow: More Metal for U.S. Planes, Tanks, Guns1944 · TransferContent noteAir-raid notice: 'This city is the next target' (US leaflet to Japanese civilians)Air-raid notice: 'This city is the next target' (US leaflet to Japanese civilians)1944 · Fear appealWe'll Take Care of the Rising Sun, You Take Care of Rising PricesWe'll Take Care of the Rising Sun, You Take Care of Rising Prices1944 · Transfer'Yesterday's enemy is today's friend' (US leaflet 18-J-1 to Japanese troops)'Yesterday's enemy is today's friend' (US leaflet 18-J-1 to Japanese troops)1944 · Card stackingYour Enemy the Jap (Official Navy Poster)Your Enemy the Jap (Official Navy Poster)1944 · Card stacking, Name-callingContent noteU.S. soldier steps from defeated Germany to Japan (PWB propaganda sheet)U.S. soldier steps from defeated Germany to Japan (PWB propaganda sheet)1945 · Bandwagon, Fear appealContent noteThis American Airman Drives the Jap from China's Skies: Give Him Your Help! (Chinese New Year poster)This American Airman Drives the Jap from China's Skies: Give Him Your Help! (Chinese New Year poster)1945 · Transfer, Plain folksContent noteGet the Jap and Get It Over! (War Manpower Commission)Get the Jap and Get It Over! (War Manpower Commission)1945 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteSmall Figures Assembling a Swastika-Marked Mechanical Giant (untitled)Small Figures Assembling a Swastika-Marked Mechanical Giant (untitled)1945 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteAttention American Soldiers! I Cease Resistance (surrender pass, leaflet 17-J-1)Attention American Soldiers! I Cease Resistance (surrender pass, leaflet 17-J-1)1945 · Euphemism / doublespeak, TestimonialKnow Your Enemy: Japan, text card quoting a Japanese Army press officer on a 'hundred years war'Know Your Enemy: Japan, text card quoting a Japanese Army press officer on a 'hundred years war'1945 · Fear appealKnow Your Enemy: Japan, animated frame of looming uniformed figures above a crouching farmerKnow Your Enemy: Japan, animated frame of looming uniformed figures above a crouching farmer1945 · Fear appealContent noteKnow Your Enemy: Japan, War Department Orientation Film title card (OF-10)Know Your Enemy: Japan, War Department Orientation Film title card (OF-10)1945 · Transfer恭賀新禧 (Happy New Year): Chinese soldier as door god, Chinese-language poster stamped Office of War Information恭賀新禧 (Happy New Year): Chinese soldier as door god, Chinese-language poster stamped Office of War Information1945 · Transfer, Name-callingContent noteThe Little Jap Is a Big Job! (U.S. Army Official Poster)The Little Jap Is a Big Job! (U.S. Army Official Poster)1945 · Name-calling, TransferContent noteUrgent Notice: Fighting Men and Materials Are Being ShiftedUrgent Notice: Fighting Men and Materials Are Being Shifted1945 · Testimonial, Name-callingContent noteAtlanta Daily World, daily edition, front page (Atlanta, Georgia, 1945-08-07)Atlanta Daily World, daily edition, front page (Atlanta, Georgia, August 7, 1945)Aug 7, 1945 · Name-calling, Card stackingContent noteThe Evening Star, daily edition, front page (Washington, D.C., 1945-08-07)The Evening Star, daily edition, front page (Washington, D.C., August 7, 1945)Aug 7, 1945 · Name-calling, Card stackingContent notePrivate Snafu: No Buddy Atoll, frame of a dazed Japanese naval officer caricaturePrivate Snafu: No Buddy Atoll, frame of a dazed Japanese naval officer caricatureOct 8, 1945 · Name-callingContent notePrivate Snafu: Operation Snafu, frame of a sword-carrying Japanese soldier caricaturePrivate Snafu: Operation Snafu, frame of a sword-carrying Japanese soldier caricatureDec 22, 1945 · Name-callingContent note

Empire of Japan (48)

Title card from a captured Japanese newsreel: the Emperor commends the Xuzhou campaign (May 1938)Title card from a captured Japanese newsreel: the Emperor commends the Xuzhou campaign (May 1938)May 1938 · Testimonial銃後の總親和 第二回總選挙 (Total Harmony on the Home Front: Second General Election), Taiwan銃後の總親和 第二回總選挙 (Total Harmony on the Home Front: Second General Election), TaiwanOct 1939 · Transfer, Glittering generalities秘密戰ヲ防ゲ (Guard Against Secret Warfare), Japanese home-front counterintelligence poster秘密戰ヲ防ゲ (Guard Against Secret Warfare), Japanese home-front counterintelligence poster1940 · Fear appeal, Name-calling10 sen stamp for the 2600th year of the imperial era, inscribed 八紘一宇 (Hakkō ichiu) (1940)10 sen stamp for the 2600th year of the imperial era, inscribed 八紘一宇 (Hakkō ichiu) (1940)1940 · Transfer, Glittering generalities'Zeitaku wa teki da!' (Luxury Is the Enemy!) street sign, Tokyo'Zeitaku wa teki da!' (Luxury Is the Enemy!) street sign, TokyoAug 1, 1940 · Semantic hijacking, Identity fusion'Let's hold the neighbourhood-association meeting': tonarigumi page, Shashin Shūhō No. 141'Let's hold the neighbourhood-association meeting': tonarigumi page, Shashin Shūhō No. 141Nov 6, 1940 · Plain folks, Transfer'Daitōa sensō ni kachinukō!!' (Let's win the Greater East Asia War!) fuel-saving poster, Aichi'Daitōa sensō ni kachinukō!!' (Let's win the Greater East Asia War!) fuel-saving poster, Aichi1941 · Transfer'Stop useless resistance' (Japanese leaflet to the Hong Kong garrison)'Stop useless resistance' (Japanese leaflet to the Hong Kong garrison)1941 · Fear appealAxis battledores (hagoita) and 'Axis young ladies': cover of Shashin Shūhō No. 151, JapanAxis battledores (hagoita) and 'Axis young ladies': cover of Shashin Shūhō No. 151, JapanJan 15, 1941 · Transfer中日基本條約簽訂一週年來矣！ (The Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty's first anniversary has come!), four-panel leaflet for Hankou中日基本條約簽訂一週年來矣！ (The Sino-Japanese Basic Treaty's first anniversary has come!), four-panel leaflet for HankouNov 1941 · Glittering generalities, Fear appealPainted wall sign with Jawi inscription and Japanese soldier, Kuching, Sarawak (photographed 14 September 1945)Painted wall sign with Jawi inscription and Japanese soldier, Kuching, Sarawak (photographed 14 September 1945)Dec 1941 · Transfer'Toki no tatefuda' (Notice Board of the Times), Shashin Shūhō No. 200, page 2 (24 December 1941)'Toki no tatefuda' (Notice Board of the Times), Shashin Shūhō No. 200, page 2 (24 December 1941)Dec 24, 1941 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesFrame from a Japanese newsreel of Wang Jingwei's New Year address, "Sekai no reimei" (Dawn of the Century)Frame from a Japanese newsreel of Wang Jingwei's New Year address, "Sekai no reimei" (Dawn of the Century)Dec 30, 1941 · TestimonialBelajarlah! Pakailah! Bahasa Nippon! (Learn! Use! The Japanese Language!)Belajarlah! Pakailah! Bahasa Nippon! (Learn! Use! The Japanese Language!)1942 · Bandwagon'BUT if you continue to resist...' (Japanese leaflet to Australian troops)'BUT if you continue to resist...' (Japanese leaflet to Australian troops)1942 · Fear appealContent noteDaitoa News (Nippon Eigasha newsreel), title card "American War Losses"Daitoa News (Nippon Eigasha newsreel), title card "American War Losses"1942 · Card stackingNippon Eigasha Djawa newsreel "Japan conquers South-East Asia", date card "15 FEBRUARI 2602"Nippon Eigasha Djawa newsreel "Japan conquers South-East Asia", date card "15 FEBRUARI 2602"1942 · Card stackingJapanese leaflet in English, "Don't wait to die" (Philippines, 1942)Japanese leaflet in English, "Don't wait to die" (Philippines, 1942)1942 · Fear appeal'Daitōa kizuku chikara da, kono ippyō' (This one vote is the power that builds Greater East Asia) election poster'Daitōa kizuku chikara da, kono ippyō' (This one vote is the power that builds Greater East Asia) election poster1942 · TransferJapanese semi-postal stamps overprinted "Singapore fell", 2 sen + 1 sen and 4 sen + 2 sen (February 1942)Japanese semi-postal stamps overprinted "Singapore fell", 2 sen + 1 sen and 4 sen + 2 sen (February 1942)Feb 1942 · TransferStill from "Chabar Dai Toa" no. 31, Japanese newsreel with Indonesian-language title cards for occupied Java (1942)Still from "Chabar Dai Toa" no. 31, Japanese newsreel with Indonesian-language title cards for occupied Java (1942)Feb 19, 1942 · Glittering generalities, TransferCrosses in the Wake of Allied Blockade, Japan Times & Advertiser cartoonCrosses in the Wake of Allied Blockade, Japan Times & Advertiser cartoonMay 13, 1942 · Card stacking'Bullets and cannon too, from savings': munitions price spread, Shashin Shūhō No. 225'Bullets and cannon too, from savings': munitions price spread, Shashin Shūhō No. 225Jun 17, 1942 · Transfer15 sen definitive stamp showing a saluting boy aircraftsman (1942)15 sen definitive stamp showing a saluting boy aircraftsman (1942)Oct 1, 1942 · Transfer10 sen stamp with a map of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (1942)10 sen stamp with a map of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (1942)Dec 1, 1942 · TransferStamps for the first anniversary of the Greater East Asia War, 2+1 sen and 5+2 sen (1942)Stamps for the first anniversary of the Greater East Asia War, 2+1 sen and 5+2 sen (1942)Dec 8, 1942 · TransferMatchbox label, Japanese wartime propaganda in Malay: "Tentoe dapat kemenangan" (Victory will surely be won), No. 3 (c. 1943)Matchbox label, Japanese wartime propaganda in Malay: "Tentoe dapat kemenangan" (Victory will surely be won), No. 3 (c. 1943)1943 · Name-callingJapanese leaflet for India in Hindi and Bengali: Allied leaders pull an Indian (1943)Japanese leaflet for India in Hindi and Bengali: Allied leaders pull an Indian (1943)1943 · Bandwagon, Name-callingSedari Menanam Hingga Memetik (From Planting to Harvest)Sedari Menanam Hingga Memetik (From Planting to Harvest)1943 · Plain folksNippon Eigasha newsreel, intertitle on Prime Minister Tojo's visit to Java and the Central Advisory CouncilNippon Eigasha newsreel, intertitle on Prime Minister Tojo's visit to Java and the Central Advisory Council1943 · Glittering generalitiesPage 'Pemoeda: Asia Timoer Raja' aimed at Indonesian youth, Djawa Baroe, Java (1 March 1943)Page 'Pemoeda: Asia Timoer Raja' aimed at Indonesian youth, Djawa Baroe, Java (1 March 1943)Mar 1, 1943 · Glittering generalities'Dangan kitte' (Bullet Stamps) war-savings lottery advertisement, back cover of Shashin Shūhō'Dangan kitte' (Bullet Stamps) war-savings lottery advertisement, back cover of Shashin ShūhōMar 31, 1943 · TransferPoster 'Nippon Mengoeasai Laoetan' (Japan controls the seas), Djawa Baroe, Java (1 June 1943)Poster 'Nippon Mengoeasai Laoetan' (Japan controls the seas), Djawa Baroe, Java (1 June 1943)Jun 1, 1943 · BandwagonCartoon of Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, Djawa Baroe, Java (1 June 1943)Cartoon of Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, Djawa Baroe, Java (1 June 1943)Jun 1, 1943 · Name-callingContent noteCover of the Japanese magazine Manga (漫画), August 1943: caricature of Franklin D. RooseveltCover of the Japanese magazine Manga (漫画), August 1943: caricature of Franklin D. RooseveltAug 1, 1943 · Name-calling'Students, from today we are the Emperor's shield': student conscription examination, Shashin Shūhō No. 297'Students, from today we are the Emperor's shield': student conscription examination, Shashin Shūhō No. 297Nov 10, 1943 · TransferContent noteDjawa Baroe cover no. 23, "Tari meroentoehkan Amerika dan Inggeris" (A dance to bring down America and England), 1 December 1943Djawa Baroe cover no. 23, "Tari meroentoehkan Amerika dan Inggeris" (A dance to bring down America and England), 1 December 1943Dec 1, 1943 · Transfer'Denryoku wa senryoku!' (Electric Power Is Military Power!) home-front poster'Denryoku wa senryoku!' (Electric Power Is Military Power!) home-front poster1944 · Card stacking'Hey! You diggers! He came, he saw, he conquered!' (Japanese leaflet to Australian troops)'Hey! You diggers! He came, he saw, he conquered!' (Japanese leaflet to Australian troops)1944 · ScapegoatingContent noteStill from "Japanse propaganda tentoonstelling", Japanese military propaganda film shot in Java (c. 1944)Still from "Japanse propaganda tentoonstelling", Japanese military propaganda film shot in Java (c. 1944)1944 · Plain folksRadio Manila Tagalog talk 'look up for American planes' and the 'reorientation' campaign, as monitored by the OSS (1944)Radio Manila Tagalog talk 'look up for American planes' and the 'reorientation' campaign, as monitored by the OSS (1944)Mar 1944 · Fear appealRadio Tokyo and Manila items on guerrilla amnesty and surrender, as monitored by the OSS (1943-44)Radio Tokyo and Manila items on guerrilla amnesty and surrender, as monitored by the OSS (1943-44)Mar 1944 · Bandwagon, Euphemism / doublespeak'Beware of the Triple Threat!!!' leaflet for American troops on Mindoro (1944-45)'Beware of the Triple Threat!!!' leaflet for American troops on Mindoro (1944-45)Dec 1944 · Fear appeal, Plain folks'American Officers and Men' (Japanese leaflet on the death of President Roosevelt, Okinawa)'American Officers and Men' (Japanese leaflet on the death of President Roosevelt, Okinawa)1945 · Fear appealContent note'The Spectre Commands' (Japanese leaflet to Australian troops)'The Spectre Commands' (Japanese leaflet to Australian troops)1945 · ScapegoatingRadio Tokyo Reports on Iwo, as quoted in a U.S. Army intelligence bulletinRadio Tokyo Reports on Iwo, as quoted in a U.S. Army intelligence bulletinApr 6, 1945 · Card stackingRadio Tokyo Says, 18-21 March 1945 claims, as quoted in a U.S. Army intelligence bulletinRadio Tokyo Says, 18-21 March 1945 claims, as quoted in a U.S. Army intelligence bulletinApr 6, 1945 · Card stackingStill from "Momotarō: Umi no Shinpei" (Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors), Japanese navy-sponsored animated featureStill from "Momotarō: Umi no Shinpei" (Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors), Japanese navy-sponsored animated featureApr 12, 1945 · Transfer

Nazi Germany (19)

Die Geissel Gottes: Polnische Juden (Der Stürmer, October 1939)Die Geissel Gottes: Polnische Juden (Der Stürmer, October 1939)Oct 1939 · Scapegoating, Name-calling, Fear appealContent notePourquoi mourir pour l'Angleterre? (German propaganda banners, western front)Pourquoi mourir pour l'Angleterre? (German propaganda banners, western front)1940 · Scapegoating, Fear appealContent noteSchonen Sie Ihren Organismus (Spare Your Organism)Schonen Sie Ihren Organismus (Spare Your Organism)1940 · Fear appealPour qui? Pour l'Angleterre! (German anti-British posters, France)Pour qui? Pour l'Angleterre! (German anti-British posters, France)Jun 1940 · Name-calling, ScapegoatingContent noteEngelsche hongerblokkade (English hunger blockade)Engelsche hongerblokkade (English hunger blockade)1941 · Scapegoating, Name-callingMänner und Frauen der Untersteiermark! (leaflet for enrolment in the Styrian Homeland League)Männer und Frauen der Untersteiermark! (leaflet for enrolment in the Styrian Homeland League)1941 · Semantic hijacking, Scapegoating, Name-callingContent noteV = Duitschland wint voor Europa op alle fronten (V = Germany wins for Europe on all fronts)V = Duitschland wint voor Europa op alle fronten (V = Germany wins for Europe on all fronts)1941 · Semantic hijackingHet Bolsjewisme gooit het masker af (Bolshevism throws off the mask)Het Bolsjewisme gooit het masker af (Bolshevism throws off the mask)Jul 1941 · Fear appeal, BandwagonContent noteDer Untermensch (SS Main Office brochure, cover)Der Untermensch (SS Main Office brochure, cover)1942 · Name-calling, Scapegoating, Fear appealContent noteLe judaïsme tend à l'hégémonie mondiale (panel, Le Bolchevisme contre l'Europe exhibition, Paris)Le judaïsme tend à l'hégémonie mondiale (panel, Le Bolchevisme contre l'Europe exhibition, Paris)Mar 1942 · ScapegoatingContent noteNähstube des BDM: Plakat »Wir folgen Dir« (Berlin)Nähstube des BDM: Plakat »Wir folgen Dir« (Berlin)Jul 29, 1942 · Identity fusionContent noteTu défends la Belgique... en luttant au front de l'Est (You defend Belgium... by fighting on the Eastern Front)Tu défends la Belgique... en luttant au front de l'Est (You defend Belgium... by fighting on the Eastern Front)1943 · Semantic hijacking, TransferContent noteTotaler Krieg – kürzester Krieg (Total War – Shortest War): the Sportpalast rally of 18 February 1943Totaler Krieg – kürzester Krieg (Total War – Shortest War): the Sportpalast rally of 18 February 1943Feb 18, 1943 · Bandwagon, Fear appealContent noteAufruf! / Poziv! Männer der Jahrgänge 1914-1926 (call-up in the Adriatic Littoral)Aufruf! / Poziv! Männer der Jahrgänge 1914-1926 (call-up in the Adriatic Littoral)1944 · Fear appeal, Glittering generalitiesContent noteStaking brengt alleen ellende over uw eigen volk (Strike brings only misery upon your own people)Staking brengt alleen ellende over uw eigen volk (Strike brings only misery upon your own people)1944 · Fear appealTag des Deutschen Volkssturmes in der HauptstadtTag des Deutschen Volkssturmes in der HauptstadtNov 12, 1944 · Identity fusionContent noteVorbeimarsch des Volkssturms an Goebbels (Vereidigung, Berlin)Vorbeimarsch des Volkssturms an Goebbels (Vereidigung, Berlin)Nov 12, 1944 · Bandwagon, Identity fusionContent noteDie neue Volkssturmarmbinde (PK-H 6365)Die neue Volkssturmarmbinde (PK-H 6365)Dec 1944 · Plain folksContent noteDecoration of a Hitler Youth member, March 1945Decoration of a Hitler Youth member, March 1945Mar 9, 1945 · Transfer

Soviet Union (16)

Suomen armeijan sotilaat! (Soldiers of the Finnish Army!): Soviet leaflet signed by named Finnish prisonersSuomen armeijan sotilaat! (Soldiers of the Finnish Army!): Soviet leaflet signed by named Finnish prisoners1939 · Testimonial, ScapegoatingKõik NSV Liidu Ülemnõukogu valimistele! (Everyone to the USSR Supreme Soviet Elections!): Tallinn sweet wrapperKõik NSV Liidu Ülemnõukogu valimistele! (Everyone to the USSR Supreme Soviet Elections!): Tallinn sweet wrapper1941 · Bandwagon, TransferSuomen sotilaat! (Soldiers of Finland!): Soviet leaflet on a springboard against the USSR and the fate of Denmark and NorwaySuomen sotilaat! (Soldiers of Finland!): Soviet leaflet on a springboard against the USSR and the fate of Denmark and Norway1941 · Fear appeal, Name-callingSuomalaiset sotavangit sotilastovereilleen (Finnish prisoners of war to their fellow soldiers): Soviet leaflet with seven named prisonersSuomalaiset sotavangit sotilastovereilleen (Finnish prisoners of war to their fellow soldiers): Soviet leaflet with seven named prisoners1941 · Testimonial, ScapegoatingSuomalaiset sotilaat! (Finnish soldiers!): Soviet leaflet on a 'fratricidal war' and German mastersSuomalaiset sotilaat! (Finnish soldiers!): Soviet leaflet on a 'fratricidal war' and German masters1941 · Scapegoating, Name-callingSuomen mies! (Man of Finland!): Soviet leaflet with a Hitler-armband arm pushing a soldier past death noticesSuomen mies! (Man of Finland!): Soviet leaflet with a Hitler-armband arm pushing a soldier past death notices1941 · Fear appeal, Scapegoating12. janvārī visi pie vēlēšanu urnām (On 12 January, everyone to the ballot boxes), Riga magazine spread on the USSR Supreme Soviet election, 194112. janvārī visi pie vēlēšanu urnām (On 12 January, everyone to the ballot boxes), Riga magazine spread on the USSR Supreme Soviet election, 1941Jan 1941 · Bandwagon, TransferStalinskoe znamya, daily edition, front page (Ryazan, 1941-06-23)Stalinskoe znamya, daily edition, front page (Ryazan, June 23, 1941)Jun 23, 1941 · Glittering generalities, Card stackingMuscovites at TASS Window No. 5, 'What Hitler Wants' (Chego Gitler khochet)Muscovites at TASS Window No. 5, 'What Hitler Wants' (Chego Gitler khochet)Jul 1941 · Fear appealContent note'Kiitos tov. Stalinille onnellisesta lapsuudesta!' (Thanks to Comrade Stalin for a happy childhood): banner over a hut door, Vidlitsa'Kiitos tov. Stalinille onnellisesta lapsuudesta!' (Thanks to Comrade Stalin for a happy childhood): banner over a hut door, VidlitsaSep 12, 1941 · Glittering generalities, TransferKomsomolskaya Pravda, daily edition, front page (Moscow, 1941-12-09)Komsomolskaya Pravda, daily edition, front page (Moscow, December 9, 1941)Dec 9, 1941 · Name-calling, Card stackingKomsomolskaya Pravda, daily edition, page 4 article (Moscow, 1941-12-09)Komsomolskaya Pravda, daily edition, page 4 article (Moscow, December 9, 1941)Dec 9, 1941 · Card stackingLietuvos darbo žmonės! Lietuviai! (Working People of Lithuania! Lithuanians!): Soviet May Day leaflet for German-occupied LithuaniaLietuvos darbo žmonės! Lietuviai! (Working People of Lithuania! Lithuanians!): Soviet May Day leaflet for German-occupied Lithuania1942 · Name-calling, Bandwagon, Fear appealSuomalainen sotilas! (Finnish Soldier!): Soviet safe-conduct leaflet, Continuation WarSuomalainen sotilas! (Finnish Soldier!): Soviet safe-conduct leaflet, Continuation War1942 · Fear appeal, ScapegoatingKomsomolskaya Pravda, 4 July 1942: 'Master of the Ram' (Master tarana), front-page profile of pilot Aleksey KhlobystovKomsomolskaya Pravda, 4 July 1942: 'Master of the Ram' (Master tarana), front-page profile of pilot Aleksey KhlobystovJul 4, 1942 · TransferSoldat roman! (leaflet to Romanian troops in the Crimea, 1944)Soldat roman! (leaflet to Romanian troops in the Crimea, 1944)1944 · Fear appeal

Australia (14)

Win the war: Australian Labor Party Senate ticket, New South Wales (1940)Win the war: Australian Labor Party Senate ticket, New South Wales (1940)1940 · Testimonial, Glittering generalities'Don't thrash your vehicle!' (Australian vehicle-maintenance poster)'Don't thrash your vehicle!' (Australian vehicle-maintenance poster)1942 · TransferContent note'He's coming south. It's fight, work or perish' (Australian Department of Information)'He's coming south. It's fight, work or perish' (Australian Department of Information)1942 · Fear appealContent note'"Honorable thanks" ABSENTEE' (Australian silkscreen poster, General Motors Holden)'"Honorable thanks" ABSENTEE' (Australian silkscreen poster, General Motors Holden)1942 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteCinesound Review, Kokoda Front Line!, newsreel frame (title card, correspondent's credentials, 1942)Cinesound Review, Kokoda Front Line!, newsreel frame (title card, correspondent's credentials, 1942)1942 · Testimonial'Put the squeeze on the Japanese' (Australian industrial-effort poster, General Motors Holden)'Put the squeeze on the Japanese' (Australian industrial-effort poster, General Motors Holden)1942 · Name-callingContent note'The Spearhead reaches SOUTH - ALWAYS SOUTH!' (Curtin leaflet)'The Spearhead reaches SOUTH - ALWAYS SOUTH!' (Curtin leaflet)1942 · Fear appeal'The enemy listens. Your words are his weapons.' (Australian careless-talk poster)'The enemy listens. Your words are his weapons.' (Australian careless-talk poster)1942 · Fear appeal, Name-callingContent note'Join us in a victory job' (Australian Department of National Service)'Join us in a victory job' (Australian Department of National Service)1943 · BandwagonRinged with menace! Bar the gates with 'Beauforts' (Australian aircraft-production poster)Ringed with menace! Bar the gates with 'Beauforts' (Australian aircraft-production poster)1943 · Fear appeal'The Jap will get you first if you neglect to protect driving bands of shells' (LHQ ammunition-care poster no. 6)'The Jap will get you first if you neglect to protect driving bands of shells' (LHQ ammunition-care poster no. 6)1943 · Fear appeal, TransferContent note'We'll take care of the Japs, mates, if you'll take care of our food' (Australian food-hygiene poster)'We'll take care of the Japs, mates, if you'll take care of our food' (Australian food-hygiene poster)1943 · Plain folks, TransferContent noteWork, Save, Fight and so Avenge the Nurses! (Centaur poster)Work, Save, Fight and so Avenge the Nurses! (Centaur poster)1943 · Transfer'90% of the world's rubber is in Japanese hands: Save rubber' (Australian Army poster)'90% of the world's rubber is in Japanese hands: Save rubber' (Australian Army poster)1944 · Fear appeal, TransferContent note

Netherlands (11)

Allen in de Nederlandsche Unie (All in the Netherlands Union)Allen in de Nederlandsche Unie (All in the Netherlands Union)1940 · Plain folks, BandwagonVrijheid - Recht - Welvaart (NSB poster)Vrijheid - Recht - Welvaart (NSB poster)1940 · Glittering generalitiesMet Duitschland voor een vrij Nederland (NSB film end card)Met Duitschland voor een vrij Nederland (NSB film end card)1941 · Glittering generalities, Card stackingContent note'Mussert spreekt' (NSB film title card)'Mussert spreekt' (NSB film title card)1941 · TransferContent noteVolk en Vaderland, front page (21 February 1941): "Joden - misdaad. Weerman Koot vermoord"Volk en Vaderland, front page (21 February 1941): "Joden - misdaad. Weerman Koot vermoord"Feb 21, 1941 · Scapegoating, Name-callingContent noteOok zoo tevreden? Hij werkt in Duitschland (Just as satisfied? He works in Germany)Ook zoo tevreden? Hij werkt in Duitschland (Just as satisfied? He works in Germany)Jun 1942 · Plain folks, BandwagonOranje-Bode, first issue, 1943: birth of Princess MargrietOranje-Bode, first issue, 1943: birth of Princess Margriet1943 · TransferContent noteVliegende forten, vliegende doodkisten! (Flying fortresses, flying coffins!)Vliegende forten, vliegende doodkisten! (Flying fortresses, flying coffins!)1943 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteIk val aan... volgt mij (I attack... follow me)Ik val aan... volgt mij (I attack... follow me)1945 · TransferAruba (Maandblad), monthly, no. 1, cover (Oranjestad, March 1945)Aruba (Maandblad), monthly, no. 1, cover (Oranjestad, March 1945)Mar 1945 · Glittering generalitiesContent noteAruba (Maandblad), monthly, no. 1, foreword page (Oranjestad, March 1945)Aruba (Maandblad), monthly, no. 1, foreword page (Oranjestad, March 1945)Mar 1945 · TransferContent note

China (8)

打死汪精衛，打死漢奸們！ (Beat Wang Jingwei to death, beat the traitors to death!), Kangweijun Pictorial vol. 1 no. 3打死汪精衛，打死漢奸們！ (Beat Wang Jingwei to death, beat the traitors to death!), Kangweijun Pictorial vol. 1 no. 31939 · Name-calling, Transfer我愈戰愈强，敵愈戰愈弱 (The more we fight, the stronger we grow; the more the enemy fights, the weaker he grows)我愈戰愈强，敵愈戰愈弱 (The more we fight, the stronger we grow; the more the enemy fights, the weaker he grows)1940 · Name-callingContent note中國工人 (Chinese Worker) no. 4, May Day special: contents page and Yan'an colophon中國工人 (Chinese Worker) no. 4, May Day special: contents page and Yan'an colophonMay 1, 1940 · Glittering generalities鴉片戰爭史畫 (Pictorial History of the Opium War), cover鴉片戰爭史畫 (Pictorial History of the Opium War), coverApr 1, 1942 · Transfer越接近勝利 越要堅苦奮鬥 (The Closer to Victory, the Harder We Must Struggle), Military Affairs Commission poster越接近勝利 越要堅苦奮鬥 (The Closer to Victory, the Harder We Must Struggle), Military Affairs Commission poster1943 · Bandwagon敵人侵略一日不止，我們抗戰一日不休！ (As Long as the Enemy Keeps Invading, We Keep Resisting), Military Affairs Commission poster敵人侵略一日不止，我們抗戰一日不休！ (As Long as the Enemy Keeps Invading, We Keep Resisting), Military Affairs Commission poster1943 · Glittering generalities'Let's go cherry-blossom viewing' (anti-war league leaflet to Japanese troops)'Let's go cherry-blossom viewing' (anti-war league leaflet to Japanese troops)1943 · Transfer中華民國萬歲 (Long Live the Republic of China), Military Affairs Commission Political Department poster中華民國萬歲 (Long Live the Republic of China), Military Affairs Commission Political Department poster1943 · Transfer, Glittering generalities

Provisional Government of Free India (8)

Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 7 November 1944)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 7 November 1944)Nov 7, 1944 · Card stacking, Glittering generalitiesAzad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 1 February 1945)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 1 February 1945)Feb 1, 1945 · Name-calling, Card stackingAzad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 22 February 1945)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 22 February 1945)Feb 22, 1945 · Card stacking, Name-callingAzad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 23 February 1945)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 23 February 1945)Feb 23, 1945 · Card stacking, Name-callingAzad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 16 April 1945)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 16 April 1945)Apr 16, 1945 · Card stacking, Name-callingAzad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 20 July 1945)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 20 July 1945)Jul 20, 1945 · Card stacking, Glittering generalitiesAzad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 7 August 1945)Azad Hind, English edition, front page (Syonan/Singapore, 7 August 1945)Aug 7, 1945 · Card stacking, Glittering generalitiesAzad Hind, English edition, page 2 (Syonan/Singapore, 1945-08-08)Azad Hind, English edition, page 2 (Syonan/Singapore, August 8, 1945)Aug 8, 1945 · Card stacking, Semantic hijacking

Finland (6)

Vakuutusyhtiöt ovat jo merkinneet viidenneksen lainasta (The Insurance Companies Have Already Subscribed a Fifth of the Loan): Finnish loan board on a truckVakuutusyhtiöt ovat jo merkinneet viidenneksen lainasta (The Insurance Companies Have Already Subscribed a Fifth of the Loan): Finnish loan board on a truck1939 · BandwagonKansanlaina on maamme varmuusvahti! (The People's Loan Is Our Country's Safeguard!): Finnish loan board on a truckKansanlaina on maamme varmuusvahti! (The People's Loan Is Our Country's Safeguard!): Finnish loan board on a truck1939 · TransferTääll' ovat jo taattomme taistelleet (Here Our Fathers Have Already Fought): Finnish poster before the Winter WarTääll' ovat jo taattomme taistelleet (Here Our Fathers Have Already Fought): Finnish poster before the Winter War1939 · Transfer, Glittering generalitiesVarokaa! Vakoilija! (Beware! Spy!): Finnish Winter War posterVarokaa! Vakoilija! (Beware! Spy!): Finnish Winter War poster1939 · Fear appealОни так веселы потому что вырвались к счастливой жизни (They Are So Cheerful Because They Broke Free to a Happy Life): Finnish leaflet for Red Army soldiersОни так веселы потому что вырвались к счастливой жизни (They Are So Cheerful Because They Broke Free to a Happy Life): Finnish leaflet for Red Army soldiers1940 · Card stacking, ScapegoatingPuna-armeijalainen: Katso! Minne sinua työntää Stalinin verinen käsi? (Red Army soldier: Look! Where Is Stalin's Bloody Hand Pushing You?): Finnish-language leaflet textPuna-armeijalainen: Katso! Minne sinua työntää Stalinin verinen käsi? (Red Army soldier: Look! Where Is Stalin's Bloody Hand Pushing You?): Finnish-language leaflet text1941 · Fear appeal, Name-calling, Card stackingContent note

General Government (5)

Chodźmy na roboty rolne do Niemiec! (Let us go to agricultural work in Germany!)Chodźmy na roboty rolne do Niemiec! (Let us go to agricultural work in Germany!)1940 · Bandwagon, Plain folksV = Zwycięstwo Niemiec na wszystkich frontach (V = Victory of Germany on all fronts)V = Zwycięstwo Niemiec na wszystkich frontach (V = Victory of Germany on all fronts)Jul 1941 · Card stacking, Semantic hijackingAufruf / Zaklyk: call to join the SS-Schützendivision Galizien (Sanok)Aufruf / Zaklyk: call to join the SS-Schützendivision Galizien (Sanok)May 1943 · Glittering generalities, TransferContent noteBiuletyn Informacyjny No. 42 (197), 21 October 1943: 'Zapowiedź' and 'Samoobrona i odwet'Biuletyn Informacyjny No. 42 (197), 21 October 1943: 'Zapowiedź' and 'Samoobrona i odwet'Oct 21, 1943 · Name-callingContent noteBekanntmachung, Warsaw, 2 February 1944: 100 condemned prisoners shot in publicBekanntmachung, Warsaw, 2 February 1944: 100 condemned prisoners shot in publicFeb 2, 1944 · Name-calling, ScapegoatingContent note

Canada (3)

'Allons-y... Canadiens!' (Canadian Department of National War Services)'Allons-y... Canadiens!' (Canadian Department of National War Services)1941 · TransferLet's go... Canada! (Canada, 1942)Let's go... Canada! (Canada, 1942)1942 · Transfer, BandwagonEux aussi achètent des obligations de la Victoire (Canada Victory Loan, French-language poster)Eux aussi achètent des obligations de la Victoire (Canada Victory Loan, French-language poster)1943 · Transfer

Romania (3)

Antonescu medal, 'Mareșal al României și Conducătorul Statului' (G. Stănescu, 1941)Antonescu medal, 'Mareșal al României și Conducătorul Statului' (G. Stănescu, 1941)1941 · Glittering generalitiesRomânii basarabeni, Bucovinenii și minoritarii pașnici (leaflet for Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Romanian and Russian sides)Românii basarabeni, Bucovinenii și minoritarii pașnici (leaflet for Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Romanian and Russian sides)1941 · Fear appeal, Identity fusion"Publicațiune": Pașcani mayor's notice on a Jewish curfew and hostage executions, 4 July 1941"Publicațiune": Pașcani mayor's notice on a Jewish curfew and hostage executions, 4 July 1941Jul 4, 1941 · Fear appeal, ScapegoatingContent note

Slovak Republic (3)

Nebuď služobníkom žida (Do Not Be the Jew's Servant), Slovak StateNebuď služobníkom žida (Do Not Be the Jew's Servant), Slovak State1940 · Scapegoating, Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteChurchill and Stalin, 14-23 August (Dieppe), Ľudové novinyChurchill and Stalin, 14-23 August (Dieppe), Ľudové noviny1942 · Name-callingContent noteKam to dotiahnu? (Where will they get to?), Ľudové novinyKam to dotiahnu? (Where will they get to?), Ľudové noviny1942 · Scapegoating, Name-callingContent note

Vichy France (3)

Ils assassinent ! Enveloppés dans les plis de notre drapeau (They murder! Wrapped in the folds of our flag)Ils assassinent ! Enveloppés dans les plis de notre drapeau (They murder! Wrapped in the folds of our flag)1941 · Scapegoating, Fear appealLa Grande-Bretagne n'a pas cessé d'être une île (Great Britain has not ceased to be an island), ORAFF posterLa Grande-Bretagne n'a pas cessé d'être une île (Great Britain has not ceased to be an island), ORAFF poster1943 · TestimonialJ'aimerais mieux rendre l'âme à Dieu (I would rather give up my soul to God), ORAFF posterJ'aimerais mieux rendre l'âme à Dieu (I would rather give up my soul to God), ORAFF poster1943 · Testimonial, Transfer

Independent State of Croatia (2)

Čuvaj se partizana! Čuvaj se tifusa! (Beware of the Partisan! Beware of Typhus!), Independent State of CroatiaČuvaj se partizana! Čuvaj se tifusa! (Beware of the Partisan! Beware of Typhus!), Independent State of Croatia1941 · Name-calling, Fear appealContent noteŽidovi: izložba o razvoju židovstva (Jews: Exhibition on the Development of Jewry), ZagrebŽidovi: izložba o razvoju židovstva (Jews: Exhibition on the Development of Jewry), Zagreb1942 · Scapegoating, Name-callingContent note

Kingdom of Hungary (2)

Carved stone: 'Az nem lehet, hogy annyi szív, hiába onta vért!!' (Vörösmarty, Szózat)Carved stone: 'Az nem lehet, hogy annyi szív, hiába onta vért!!' (Vörösmarty, Szózat)1942 · TransferWall inscription '1 keresztényér[t]! 100 zsidó' (1 Christian [for] 100 Jews), HungaryWall inscription '1 keresztényér[t]! 100 zsidó' (1 Christian [for] 100 Jews), Hungary1944 · ScapegoatingContent note

Portugal (2)

O futuro do trabalhador é uma das preocupações da acção social do Estado Novo (The worker's future is one of the concerns of the Estado Novo's social action)O futuro do trabalhador é uma das preocupações da acção social do Estado Novo (The worker's future is one of the concerns of the Estado Novo's social action)1943 · Glittering generalities, Card stackingMulher portuguesa: a Salazar o deves! Votai por Salazar (Portuguese woman: you owe it to Salazar! Vote for Salazar)Mulher portuguesa: a Salazar o deves! Votai por Salazar (Portuguese woman: you owe it to Salazar! Vote for Salazar)1945 · Fear appeal, Card stacking

Spain (2)

Auxilio Social: Para que en España no haya un niño sin alegría, suscribe una ficha azul (cinema slide)Auxilio Social: Para que en España no haya un niño sin alegría, suscribe una ficha azul (cinema slide)1940 · Glittering generalitiesAyudad a la obra social de la Sección Femenina poniendo un sello de José Antonio en vuestras cartas (cinema slide)Ayudad a la obra social de la Sección Femenina poniendo un sello de José Antonio en vuestras cartas (cinema slide)1942 · Transfer

Yugoslavia (2)

"Amnestija do 15. I. 1945 / Po 15. I. 1945" (Amnesty until 15 January 1945 / After 15 January 1945), Slovene Partisan leaflet"Amnestija do 15. I. 1945 / Po 15. I. 1945" (Amnesty until 15 January 1945 / After 15 January 1945), Slovene Partisan leaflet1944 · Fear appealContent note"Krvniki, čas obračuna prihaja!" (Executioners, the time of reckoning is coming!), Slovene Partisan leaflet"Krvniki, čas obračuna prihaja!" (Executioners, the time of reckoning is coming!), Slovene Partisan leaflet1944 · Name-calling, Fear appeal, TransferContent note

Belgium (1)

Groot Ruimte-Economie (VNV lecture poster, Ostend)Groot Ruimte-Economie (VNV lecture poster, Ostend)Nov 22, 1942 · Testimonial, Transfer

Dutch East Indies (1)

Neen, Coen, ook wij burgers zullen niet dispereeren! (No, Coen, we citizens too shall not despair!)Neen, Coen, ook wij burgers zullen niet dispereeren! (No, Coen, we citizens too shall not despair!)1942 · Transfer, Glittering generalities

Fascist Italy (1)

Il Popolo d'Italia, 11 June 1940: 'Popolo italiano corri alle armi!' (front page)Il Popolo d'Italia, 11 June 1940: 'Popolo italiano corri alle armi!' (front page)Jun 11, 1940 · Bandwagon, Glittering generalities

Free France (1)

BCRA forged Vichy 30c Pétain-Laval stamp, sheet of twenty (London, 1942-44)BCRA forged Vichy 30c Pétain-Laval stamp, sheet of twenty (London, 1942-44)1943 · Transfer

Kingdom of Greece (1)

Λευτεριά, έκτακτη έκδοση, 5 Φεβρουαρίου 1943 (Freedom, extra edition: organ of the EAM of the Young)Λευτεριά, έκτακτη έκδοση, 5 Φεβρουαρίου 1943 (Freedom, extra edition: organ of the EAM of the Young)Feb 5, 1943 · Transfer

Manchukuo (1)

滿洲中央銀行百圓 (Central Bank of Manchukuo, 100 yuan note, 1944)滿洲中央銀行百圓 (Central Bank of Manchukuo, 100 yuan note, 1944)1944 · Transfer

New Zealand (1)

The "Spirit of Anzac" Calls You: Enlist Now for Overseas Service (Second N.Z. Expeditionary Force)The "Spirit of Anzac" Calls You: Enlist Now for Overseas Service (Second N.Z. Expeditionary Force)1939 · Transfer

Poland (1)

Manifest i pierwsze dekrety Polskiego Komitetu Wyzwolenia Narodowego (PKWN Manifesto poster), July 1944Manifest i pierwsze dekrety Polskiego Komitetu Wyzwolenia Narodowego (PKWN Manifesto poster), July 1944Jul 22, 1944 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities, Transfer

Sweden (1)

På post för Sverige (On Post for Sweden): preparedness postcard with hymn stanzaPå post för Sverige (On Post for Sweden): preparedness postcard with hymn stanza1940 · Transfer, Glittering generalities

Thailand (1)

วัฒนธรรมของไทย (Thai Culture), dress-code poster of the Phibunsongkhram governmentวัฒนธรรมของไทย (Thai Culture), dress-code poster of the Phibunsongkhram government1940 · Name-calling, Glittering generalities

Transnational (1)

Români, siliți guvernul vostru (RAF and US Army Air Forces leaflet to Romanians, 1944)Români, siliți guvernul vostru (RAF and US Army Air Forces leaflet to Romanians, 1944)1944 · Fear appeal

How to spot it

  1. Who is speaking? Open agency, blurred source or false voice? See World War II rumor clinics and rumor control (1940 to 1947) for how one government tracked its own public's rumours.
  2. What is offered instead of a claim? A fear image or a virtue word can substitute for evidence.
  3. What is missing? Compare communiqués and newsreels against later records.
  4. Could the public check it? Where foreign listening was a crime, the answer was no.

Sources

  1. National Archives. "Records of the Office of War Information." https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/208.html ; Winkler, A. M. (1978). The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/83/5/1360/229031
  2. Dower, J. W. (1986). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon. https://www.nationalbook.org/books/war-without-mercy-race-and-power-in-the-pacific-war/
  3. Imperial War Museums. "The truth behind 'Keep Calm and Carry On'." https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-world-war/home-front/truth-behind-keep-calm-and-carry-on
  4. Garnett, D. (2002). The Secret History of PWE: The Political Warfare Executive, 1939-1945. London: St Ermin's Press. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1500057615
  5. UPI. "Soviets admit, apologize for Katyn massacre" (13 April 1990), reporting the TASS statement. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/04/13/Soviets-admit-apologize-for-Katyn-massacre/9889639979200/
  6. Art Institute of Chicago. "Windows on the War: Soviet TASS Posters at Home and Abroad, 1941-1945." https://archive.artic.edu/tass/
  7. Kushner, B. (2006). The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/the-thought-war-japanese-imperial-propaganda/
  8. Cannistraro, P. V. (1975). La fabbrica del consenso: Fascismo e mass media. Bari: Laterza. https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/82/2/388/132729
  9. Welch, D. (2002). The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-Third-Reich-Politics-and-Propaganda/Welch-Welch/p/book/9780415275088 ; USHMM. "Nazi Propaganda." https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-propaganda
  10. German History in Documents and Images. "Decree on 'Extraordinary Radio Measures'" (1 September 1939). https://germanhistorydocs.org/en/nazi-germany-1933-1945/decree-by-the-ministerial-council-for-the-defense-of-the-reich-on-extraordinary-radio-measures-dated-september-1-1939-issued-september-7-1939
  11. International Military Tribunal. Judgment: "The Accused Streicher." Avalon Project, Yale Law School. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/judstrei.asp
  12. Herf, J. (2006). The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674027381
  13. Protocol of the Wannsee Conference, 20 January 1942. Avalon Project. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/wannsee.asp
  14. USHMM. "Theresienstadt." https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/theresienstadt